Hammerhead Sharks Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hammerhead Sharks Marine Science/ Per. 1 Sharks are one of the most feared sea animals. They live in oceans across the world but are most common in tropical waters. There are over three hundred fifty species of sharks. They can be broadly categorized into the following four groups: Squalomorphii, Squatinomorphii, Batoidea, and Galeomorphii. The shark family Sphyrnidae that includes the Hammerheads are part of the Galeomorphic classification. They are probably the most easily recognizable of all the sharks. The Hammerheads are among the strangest looking sharks. As the name indicates they have a flattened head which resembles the head of a hammer. Their eyes and nostrils are at the ends of the hammer. There are many species of Hammerheads. There are eight living species of hammerheads. The following four are the main categories: 1. Scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)-Pectoral fins are tipped with black this grey shark. The maximum length is about 12 feet. 2. Bonnethead (Spyrna tiburo)-With a head shaped like a shovel the bonnethead rarely grows more than four feet long. This shark is commonly seen inshore. 3. Smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena)-Bronze with dusky fin tips, it can grow to thirteen feet. 4. Great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran)-Attaining a length of a possible 18 feet, this is the largest and most dangerous of all the hammerheads. One of the most interesting things about the hammerheads is the unique shape of their heads. Ever since scientists started to study the hammerhead they have speculated about the use of the hammer. The hammer is a complex structure and probably serves more than one function. The most important function of the hammer according to scientists is increased electroreceptive area and it's sensory perception. This means that the hammerhead has a remarkable sensory ability to detect the small electrical auras surrounding all living creatures. Under certain conditions, such as in searching for wounded animals, the electrical activity increases helping the hammerhead to feed. It is also believed that the hammerhead may be able to use the Earth's magnetic field as a source for navigation. Some hammerheads migrate a lot and may rely on this built in compass sense to guide them in the open ocean. Another use for the hammer is to enhance maneuverability. The hammer... ...heads go there for mating purposes. Observations in these sea mounts show that the majority of hammerheads there are female. This indicates that its easy for the male to find a mate. However, researchers were surprised to find that there were many immature female hammerheads at the sea mounts. This led them to believe that in addition to reproduction there must be other reasons for coming to the sea mounts. It is believed that the sea mounts serve as navigational centers. Each evening the hammerheads begin a ten to fifteen mile swim away from the mount, always returning by dawn or the following day. It seems that they spend the night at distant deep water feeding grounds. The young females participate in these long distance swims. The sea mount serves as a navigational center helping them find their way back. The nightly swim help the young find nutritious food which helps them in their growth. Bibliography: Klimley, Peter, "Hammerhead City", Natural History, Oct. 1995, pp 33-38. Martin, Richard, "Why the Hammerhead?", Sea Frontiers, May-June 1989, pp. 142-145. Moss, Sanford, Sharks, Prentice-Hall, 1984. World Book Encyclopedia, Sharks, World Book Inc., 1988.

Communist victory in the Second Indochina War Essay

When assessing the importance of the Viet Cong (VC) in the Communist victory, one cannot look past the unity, discipline and effective organisation in the vanguard of the VC forces. The Viet Cong were made up of volunteer servicemen who traveled to South Vietnam as Autumn Cadres – ready to exploit the coming political harvest. The central purpose of the Viet Cong campaigns was to polarise the population, to divide it irrevocably from the GVN, and to mobilise it for service and sacrifice in support of the Revolution. The importance of the Viet Cong lies in their contribution to the Indochina conflict, and can be assessed through a social, political and military context. The role of the VC in a sociopolitical context is of a significant importance in the Communist victory in the Second Indochina War. The VC forces were most numerous in rural South Vietnam, especially in Strategic Hamlet-run villages. Once the VC established a strong presence in an area, they attempted to seal off the local population both physically and psychologically from any further contact with the Government of South Vietnam (GVN). They were particularly intent on denying the government all intelligence on Communist troop movements, bivouac sites, supply cachà ©s, and information relating to those who serve in their local military and political infrastructures. To inhibit intelligence penetration and collection in Communist-controlled or contested areas, the VC not only systematically identified and neutralized anyone suspected of being a GVN spy or informant, but they also imposed and enforced very stringent regulations governing travel within the villages and hamlets and proscribing all unauthorized contact with GVN persons. The indoctrination performed by the VC didnt limit the villagers hatred to just to GVN intelligence personnel; indeed, all repressive activity was cloaked in highly emotional propaganda designed to arouse the people to a deep hatred of, a desire for revenge and to heighten their concept of revenge against the military and civilian officials serving the government. For example, in guidelines for a propaganda campaign in the Ben Tre Province for the period October 1968 to March 1969, the VC directed cadres to â€Å"make the people feel a profound hatred of the enemy’s savage crimes and incite  them to avenge their compatriots and kinfolk by enthusiastically and actively taking part in combat activities to heroically annihilate the enemy and achieve great merits.† The indoctrination performed by the VC allowed them to gain mass support from the villagers, taking it away from the controversial GVN. This support allowed the VC to form networks across the province, which, m ilitarily, facilitated the late offensives by the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) during the final stages of the war. The role of the VC in a military context is of a significant importance in the Communist victory in the Second Indochina War. The Communist Field Commander for China during the Second Indochina War, Lin Piao, stated that, In order to win a peoples war, it is imperative to build the broadest possible united front and formulate a series of policies which will ensure the fullest mobilisation of the basic masses as well as the unity of all the forces that can be unified Although the VC were a persistent and ingenious force, further assessment identifies that a war of attrition was not going to win them the war. General for The NVA, General Vo Nguyen Giap, stated that, the way to win the war is by small defeats, one after the other until the coup de grace.Viet Cong strategy differed from other communist nations in that military activity prepared the way for a political showdown, rather than political activity preparing the way for a military showdown. Having defined the goal of the struggle in the South as a political rather than a military victory, the Viet VC at first sought to make credible the inability of the Saigon government to administer. In response to a growing American presence, they increased their military activity in order to exploit contradictions in the American position. The VC revolutionaries took full advantage of the contradictions and tailored their military activities to exploit these perceived weaknesses by making the war so long, bloody and expensive that American opinion would turn against it. These activities intended to damage psychologically the U.S. commitment to the war, thus generating a negative cost-benefit analysis among American political leaders and thereby producing a victory more like that obtained by the Viet Minh in 1954. The essence of the VC strategy was not to defeat the U.S. and allied forces militarily but to convince the Americans through the use of violence,  both persuasively and at selected points, that their position is hopeless. This stratagem was evident in the Tet Offensive of 1968. The initial goal of Tet was to destroy the morale of the United States and GVN by proving that the communist threat did not only exist in the countryside, but in urban areas also. The VC forces attacked the US embassy in Saigon, surprising the Americans and forcing them into a conventional war. This proved costly for the Viet Cong as there were serious casualties and loss of manpower one third (38,000) of the VC fighting force were either killed or wounded. Due to the loss of numbers, the North Vietnamese had to infiltrate the ranks of the Viet Cong. Moreover, the VC lost local knowledge of the South Vietnamese terrain, which inhibited the abilities of the new forces from the North. Paradoxically, although the U.S. saw Tet as a military victory, the American home front did not. Television effectively brought the brutality of the war into the comfort of the living room. Vietnam was lost in the living rooms of America not on the battlefields of Vietnam (Marshall McLuhan). Following the Tet Offensive, support for President Johnson dropped to 26 percent, resulting in his withdrawal from the Presidential race. Nixon was elected on a promise to end Americas involvement in Vietnam. Politically, the Tet Offensive is considered a Communist victory. Although they lost, the military contribution of the VC during Tet effectively led to the U.S. withdrawal in 1973, allowing the NVA to initiate the North Vietnamese Offensive in 1975, causing South Vietnam to surrender unconditionally. The role of the VC in a political context is of a considerable importance in the Communist victory in the Second Indochina War. Being influenced by mainly China and Russia, members of the VC learned the power of propaganda and in doing so became skilled at manipulating people by symbols, and in general they acquired a view of the world in which politics is the driving and dominant force. Historian Ithiel de Sola Pool states, the elements of the Viet Cong that will remain effective the longest after the main forces have been increasingly battered in combat will be those cadres who have built a political base in their own villages, including of course military cadres who will try to slip back into the main force. Further research shows  that it is these cadres that are the political force in the populated areas and who can be partially won over in any politically stable settlement. They are the most politically significant and the most responsive to citizens needs and problems. Without giving and receiving political support from the South Vietnamese population, North Vietnam was not going to win the war. As stated before, the goal of the struggle in the South was a political rather than a military victory and this became the primary doctrine for the Communists throughout the war. The numerous guerilla incidents throughout the war had no purpose but to serve the Communist political movement. The destruction inflicted upon Vietnam by the U.S. gave the VC a political advantage in that they won the support of the South Vietnamese peasantry. The political struggle movement allowed the South Vietnamese people to contribute to the war, emphasizing that the politics within the VC are highly significant when assessing the Communist victory in the Second Indochina War. The complex facets of the Viet Cong forces prove that they were essentially important in the Communist victory in the Second Indochina War. The Viet Cong effectively established their role in the revolution, providing support to the North as well as fighting in foreign territory. In contrast to such heterogeneous and disorganised elements of the GVN, the Viet Cong had at its disposal a government which dated back to 1945, a reservoir of manpower which had been unified by years of war and Communist Party discipline, and a network of agents which it had established during the war years in the cities and villages of the south. It is for these reasons that the Viet Cong were important in the Communist victory in the Second Indochina War. Bibliography Primary SourcesChalmers, J. The Third Generation of Guerilla Warfare, Asian Survey, Vol. 8, No. 6. (Jun., 1968), pp. 435-447. de Sola Pool, I. Political Alternatives to the Viet Cong. Asian Survey, Vol. 7, No. 8, Vietnam: A Symposium. (Aug., 1967), pp. 555-566. Doc. Log No. 11-1020-68 (Confidential), dated January 15, 1969, quoted in Le, Thanh Nam (1996). Control and Polarization of the Populace, 25th Aviation Battalion (online). Available at http://25thaviation.org/history/id926.htm (Accessed 21 July, 2006)Lin Piao, Long Live the Peoples War (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), pp. 44, quoted in Chalmers, J. The Third Generation of Guerilla Warfare, Asian Survey, Vol. 8, No. 6. (Jun., 1968), pp. 435-447.

Anabolic Steroids Summary Essay - 1507 Words

Thesis: Anabolic Steroids are powerful drugs that help the body gain mass, but also hurts the body with drastic side effects. I. Basic Information A. Anabolic Steroids Aid Body Growth B. Have Drastic Side Effects II. Side Effects of Steroids A. Ways to tell somebody may be using steroids B. Side effects of Steroids in Males C. Side effects of Steroids in Females III. Different Types of Anabolic Steroids A. Oral Anabolic Steroids B. Intravenous Anabolic Steroids IV. Teen Usage A. How teens obtain Anabolic Steroids B. Why teens use Anabolic Steroids 1. Male Teen Usage 2. Female Teen Usage C. Statistics of Usage by Age D. Slang Terms for Steroids VI. Are they Illegal A. Countries in which Anabolic Steroids are†¦show more content†¦In Canada and Australia, Anabolic Steroids are not illegal, but are highly discouraged. (Rogak 613.8) Athletic Associations have taken the subject of Anabolic Steroid use very seriously. Major League Baseball currently enforces a strict code against the use of steroids. For a first positive steroid test, the player caught using the drug is suspended for ten games. For a second positive steroid test, the player caught using the drug is suspended for 100 games. Finally, for a third positive test, the player caught using steroids is given a lifetime ban from baseball. (Espn.com/news) The National Football League currently enforces rules against steroids that for a positive test, the player caught using the steroids could be suspended for four games (wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League). The National Collegiate Athletic Association also enforces strict rules against the use of steroids including being suspended from college sports to even being permanently banned. (wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association). The Olympics currently enforce the harshest penalties of all of the Steroid restrictions. Steroid usage currently could earn the athlete caught using Steroids a lifetime ban and up to $100,000 fine for a minor infraction, and up to a $1,000,000 fine for serious breaches of the rules. (sportsillustrated.cnn.com) Anabolic Steroids wereShow MoreRelatedAnabolic Steroid Use in Sports Summary1493 Words   |  6 PagesAnabolic Steroid use in Sports The competitive drive to win at all cost is fierce among athletes. Winning at all cost often includes using one of many performance enhancing drugs such as anabolic steroids. Many athletes use performance enhancing drugs, like steroids, to achieve higher goals and set higher records than other drug-free successful athletes. Although athletes are performing at higher levels when using such drugs, what is the cost? Finally anabolic steroids should remain bannedRead MoreThe Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The World Of Sport1226 Words   |  5 PagesSteroids seem to to be having a negative view for much of history. 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The FDA, the AMA, the DEA and the NIDA all did not agree with ban and thought that steroids should have been kept legal (History). The team that pioneered the use of drugs in the NFL interestingly was the 1963 Chargers. After a losingRead MoreSteriods Informative Speech909 Words   |  4 Pages100 Section #34/Rosie Title: The Facts about Anabolic Steroids in our Bodies. Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the effects of Anabolic Steroids in peoples bodies. Thesis: Today I would like to enlighten the class on what I’ve learned about Anabolic Steroids and the causes it has on our body. 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This was explored because there has been little to no research done with prolonged AAS use and the brain. They measured brain morphometric, which encompasses subcortical neuroanatomical volumes and regional cortical thickness. AAS use is known to cause cognitive defects as well as psychiatric disorders among many symptoms however very few studiesRead MoreAmericas Obsession With Weight Loss and Body Image1104 Words   |  4 Pagesthat increased preoccupation with appearance and body dissatisfaction put peop le at greater risk for engaging in dangerous practices to control weight and size. Extreme dieting, exercise compulsion, laxative abuse, vomiting, smoking and use of anabolic steroids have all been associated with negative body image. (Body Image, 2012). Body Image Body image encompasses how we perceive our bodies, how we feel about our physical experience as well as how we think and talk about our bodies, our sense of

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The Importance of Extracurricular Activities - 976 Words

The Importance of Extracurricular Activities Imagine walking across the stage in just a few years from now. Having thousands of eyes pointed at you as you take that emotional walk to finally receive your high school diploma. After a few years when you have graduated high school and started life, youre going to look back and think, what have I accomplished so far? Extracurricular activities can be very beneficial for students now, and those in the future as well. They can allow you to feel like you have accomplished something while in school. Extracurricular activities are important because they can benefit a student through personal, educational, and even social means. It is a great idea to get more students involved in extracurricular†¦show more content†¦It is as if students have less time to engage in trouble when involved with these activities. While being involved in extracurricular activities outside of school benefits your personal being, it also benefits your education. One of these reasons is because in order to participate in the first place, you can not have failing grades. It has also been proven that students involved in extracurricular activities generally have a higher GPA than those who do not. The College Board stated, â€Å"extracurricular activities help you show colleges who you are†. It is said that your personal extracurricular activities can really benefit you on a college application. Colleges expect more than just high grades and test scores, they actually want to see who you are and what you do with your time, because what you do with your free time reveals a person (College Board). Students who participate are also more likely to go to college (Klitsch). It was also described by the WNCN staff (a t.v. news station in North Carolina) during an interview with a college dean that college applica tions with extracurricular activities triumph over ones without. That could be a great reason to get involved. Being involved in extracurricular activities can be beneficial educationally as well as socially, too. According to K. Nola Mokeyane in her article on the Global Post news site, having a constructiveShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities756 Words   |  4 PagesExtra-curriculars are beneficial towards one’s life and future. It has been proven by researchers that extra-curricular activities raise academics, enhance certain life skills, and provide an overall healthier life style, with the addition of it improving college opportunities. Surveys have also demonstrated that participating in these activities can assist you in graduating high school on time. Academics are greatly improved when being involved in these curriculars. A program named â€Å"SKATERS† benefitsRead MoreThe Importance of Extracurricular Activities1380 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefits like branching out into extracurriculars does? Being smart can only take a person so far in life. Learning skills like time management, organization, and leadership are vital to a person’s success in the future; all of which can be learned through the experiences that extracurriculars provide. Therefore, being involved in extracurricular activities can prove to have stronger and a broader spectrum of benefits than solely focusing on grades. Extracurriculars teach students lessons that willRead MoreImportance Of Extracurricular Activities1234 Words   |  5 Pagestake part in extracurricular activities. These activities help to impact the lives of the students and those around them, such as family and the community. Seow and Pan explain that, â€Å"Extracurricular activities relate to activities that are external to the core curriculum† (361). This means that they occur outside class time and a student does not get graded for participation. There are many types of extracurricular activities. Therefore, anyone should be able to join one of the activities. Ron KennedyRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities1252 Words   |  6 Pagesis spent. One of the topic that’s a challenge for adults is if the child should be involved in extracurricular activities or just focus in school. There’s people out there opposing extracurricular activities to be included in a child’s daily routine. Some say the extracurricular activities distract children from fully committing to school work and time consuming. Involved in extracurricular activities have positive outcomes from being active in them. Let’s put the negative to the side and look atRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities1503 Words   |  7 Pages Do students in school ever get overwhelmed with school work? Over time, schools have developed extracurricular activities, such as sports, clubs, academies, and so on. These activities are not a part of school curriculum, but it is part of the educational experience for students because of the benefits they have. In an article, â€Å"International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention,† the author states that â€Å"Adolescents have a significant amount of free time available to them and researchRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities1265 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved in some type of extracurricular. Many people al so don’t get to choose what extracurricular they begin to partake in due to their parents or guardians deciding what they would like their child to participate in, more often than not at a very young age. Whether it be attached to the school they attend or not, many people aren’t aware of the many positive effects that it may have on their own self, or their child. While being involved in extracurricular activities can help boost one’s confidenceRead MoreImportance of Extracurricular Activities in School830 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits of Extracurricular Activities If you arent sure whether or not you should let your high school student get involved in extracurricular activities, you definitely need to consider all the benefits that come along with these activities. Here is a look at just a few benefits your teen will enjoy if you allow them to get involved with these activities. Benefit #1 – Learning Time Management and Prioritizing – One great benefit of your teen being involved in extracurricular activities is thatRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities For All Students Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesSummary This article begins by discussing the importance of extracurricular activities for all students. Only a small margin of student with disabilities has a goal or even mentions extracurricular activities in their IEP’s. With the passing of IDEA in 2006, this allowed students to be more involved with their nondisabled peers within the academic settings but does not cover the after school activities. These activities can be crucial to a student’s developmental skills in the long run. In a studyRead MoreExtracurricular Activity Aiding Positive Development1501 Words   |  7 PagesBettering Students’ Lives: Extracurricular Activity Aiding in Positive Development More than half of American teenagers that attend school participate in some sort of organized activity (Gardner, Roth Brooks-Gunn, 2006). A structured organized activity may include athletic teams, school clubs and organizations like student council or drama club, youth groups, and more. Psychologists are becoming more and more interested in how adolescents are spending their leisure time and how it affects theirRead MoreCollege Is Not Just About Receiving Good Grades842 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents to get involved in student support programs and extracurricular activities such as internships, community involvement and leaderships. The reason why it s important for students to get involved is so they can apply what they learn in the classroom into practice, gain social skills, develop leadership skills and learn time management skills. Moreover, what make it more respected is the skills gained from extracurricular activities and student support programs such as networking, mentor ships

Neher and Sandin Free Essays

How does one come to have the character and practical wisdom to know what is ethically required in one’s communication with others? In the Navy we have an â€Å"Ethos† and part of it states, â€Å"integrity is the foundation of our conduct, respect for others is fundamental to our character, decisive leadership is crucial to our success†. This mirrors in part with what Newer and Sanding (2007) state, â€Å"the person who has integrity or good character relies on his or her good judgment to act ethically in each given situation†, (p. 7). We will write a custom essay sample on Neher and Sandin or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t believe one is born with the traits of a virtuous person, these are learned through the actions of others particularly the parent. â€Å"Set the example and do the right thing even when you think no one is looking’, I can’t tell you how many times I have uttered these words to my Sailors and my boys. But I know it is my actions that both are scrutinizing. For example, I was once offered to have a course marked as complete by a First Class Petty Officer because he commented on how busy he knew I was and was sure I had employed the course several times during my time in the service. I quickly responded with, â€Å"that it wasn’t necessary for him to that and I would complete the course like he and the others in my department had done†. Later he told me he was testing me because he was looking for a mentor. Actions speak volumes for your character. As for the second part of the question, I believe character and practical wisdom are developed through those we Interact with and experiences we have In life. We gain practical wisdom from every situation we are Involved In and how we Andre the situation develops our character In the eyes of those who observe our actions. As Aristotle stated, â€Å"sound, practical wisdom and sound character must always be the gulled In these situations†, (Newer Sandal, 2007, p. 30). How to cite Neher and Sandin, Papers

Loyalty, Devotion, Fortitude Essay Example For Students

Loyalty, Devotion, Fortitude Essay Hillary Johnson 12/13/1998 English P.7 (Ruff-draft) The ancient Greeks believed that everyone should live by a certain set of rules. Some of these included: 1) obedience of the gods, 2) the ideal of a strong intellect and strong body, and 3) loyalty, devotion, and fortitude. The theme Ive chosen for this paper is loyalty, devotion, and fortitude. I think Penelope, Odysseus crew, and Odysseus all showed one, if not more of these traits. Penelope for example showed all of the aforementioned qualities. She showed great loyalty to her husband, in the many years he was absent from his wife and kingdom, as the quote, with native Ithicans here to court me, against my wishes shows (pg. 728). The quote says that even with countless numbers of men asking for her affections, she simply turned away in hopes that her husband would one-day return. Penelope also showed great fortitude and devotion. By allowing the suitors into her home, and being a gracious host, even though she knew exactly why they were there, and even though they were rude guests, Penelope showed devotion to the 1 Johnson, 2 gods, who said that guests should be welcomed into the home any time, and cared for as if they were ones closest friends. So every day I wove on the great loom, but every night by torchlight I unwove it (pg. 728). This quote speaks of the shroud she told the suitors that she must weave for her husband before she could choose one of them to marry. This shows loyalty to her husband, because even though she knew she might be caught by one of the suitors, she would still try and stall for time, as long as she could. Odysseus crew showed loyalty to Odysseus, and great fortitude. The lovely voices in ardor appealing over the water made me crave to listen, and I tried to say Untie me! to the crew, jerking my brows; but they bent steady to the oars. Then Perimedes got to his feet, he and Eurylochus, and passed more line about, to hold me still. So all rowed on (pg. 707). This quote speaks of the orders Odysseus gave to his crew, in order to keep the ship from being destroyed by the Sirens. He told the men to tie him to the ships mast, and if he pleaded to be set free, then they were to tie him tighter to it, until they had passed the Sirens, and it was safe for him to be set free again. Johnson, 3 Odysseus showed great loyalty and valor, in his adventures. Odysseus was extremely loyal to the gods. Many, many times, throughout the epic, Odysseus prayed to, thanked, and spoke highly of the gods, even when they dealt him a loosing hand. One example of this is when he is addressing the Cyclops about his hospitality to Odysseus and his crew. Great Sir, have a care for the gods courtesy; Zeus will avenge the unoffending guests. This excerpt shows Odysseus warning the Cyclops of the gods wrath, for his lack of hospitality. In this paper, I have cited several accounts of people being loyal to each other, having great devotion to the gods, and having great fortitude in the face of danger. Penelope, with her loyalty to her husband, Odysseus, with his devotion to the gods, and Odysseus crew with their incredible bravery; all of these people represent the ways of life for the ancient Greeks. .