Top Canadian Pop Music Artists of the 80s

The Importance of Extracurricular Activities - 976 Words

The Importance of Extracurricular Activities Imagine walking across the stage in just a few years from now. Having thousands of eyes pointed at you as you take that emotional walk to finally receive your high school diploma. After a few years when you have graduated high school and started life, youre going to look back and think, what have I accomplished so far? Extracurricular activities can be very beneficial for students now, and those in the future as well. They can allow you to feel like you have accomplished something while in school. Extracurricular activities are important because they can benefit a student through personal, educational, and even social means. It is a great idea to get more students involved in extracurricular†¦show more content†¦It is as if students have less time to engage in trouble when involved with these activities. While being involved in extracurricular activities outside of school benefits your personal being, it also benefits your education. One of these reasons is because in order to participate in the first place, you can not have failing grades. It has also been proven that students involved in extracurricular activities generally have a higher GPA than those who do not. The College Board stated, â€Å"extracurricular activities help you show colleges who you are†. It is said that your personal extracurricular activities can really benefit you on a college application. Colleges expect more than just high grades and test scores, they actually want to see who you are and what you do with your time, because what you do with your free time reveals a person (College Board). Students who participate are also more likely to go to college (Klitsch). It was also described by the WNCN staff (a t.v. news station in North Carolina) during an interview with a college dean that college applica tions with extracurricular activities triumph over ones without. That could be a great reason to get involved. Being involved in extracurricular activities can be beneficial educationally as well as socially, too. According to K. Nola Mokeyane in her article on the Global Post news site, having a constructiveShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities756 Words   |  4 PagesExtra-curriculars are beneficial towards one’s life and future. It has been proven by researchers that extra-curricular activities raise academics, enhance certain life skills, and provide an overall healthier life style, with the addition of it improving college opportunities. Surveys have also demonstrated that participating in these activities can assist you in graduating high school on time. Academics are greatly improved when being involved in these curriculars. A program named â€Å"SKATERS† benefitsRead MoreThe Importance of Extracurricular Activities1380 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefits like branching out into extracurriculars does? Being smart can only take a person so far in life. Learning skills like time management, organization, and leadership are vital to a person’s success in the future; all of which can be learned through the experiences that extracurriculars provide. Therefore, being involved in extracurricular activities can prove to have stronger and a broader spectrum of benefits than solely focusing on grades. Extracurriculars teach students lessons that willRead MoreImportance Of Extracurricular Activities1234 Words   |  5 Pagestake part in extracurricular activities. These activities help to impact the lives of the students and those around them, such as family and the community. Seow and Pan explain that, â€Å"Extracurricular activities relate to activities that are external to the core curriculum† (361). This means that they occur outside class time and a student does not get graded for participation. There are many types of extracurricular activities. Therefore, anyone should be able to join one of the activities. Ron KennedyRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities1252 Words   |  6 Pagesis spent. One of the topic that’s a challenge for adults is if the child should be involved in extracurricular activities or just focus in school. There’s people out there opposing extracurricular activities to be included in a child’s daily routine. Some say the extracurricular activities distract children from fully committing to school work and time consuming. Involved in extracurricular activities have positive outcomes from being active in them. Let’s put the negative to the side and look atRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities1503 Words   |  7 Pages Do students in school ever get overwhelmed with school work? Over time, schools have developed extracurricular activities, such as sports, clubs, academies, and so on. These activities are not a part of school curriculum, but it is part of the educational experience for students because of the benefits they have. In an article, â€Å"International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention,† the author states that â€Å"Adolescents have a significant amount of free time available to them and researchRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities1265 Words   |  6 Pagesinvolved in some type of extracurricular. Many people al so don’t get to choose what extracurricular they begin to partake in due to their parents or guardians deciding what they would like their child to participate in, more often than not at a very young age. Whether it be attached to the school they attend or not, many people aren’t aware of the many positive effects that it may have on their own self, or their child. While being involved in extracurricular activities can help boost one’s confidenceRead MoreImportance of Extracurricular Activities in School830 Words   |  4 PagesBenefits of Extracurricular Activities If you arent sure whether or not you should let your high school student get involved in extracurricular activities, you definitely need to consider all the benefits that come along with these activities. Here is a look at just a few benefits your teen will enjoy if you allow them to get involved with these activities. Benefit #1 – Learning Time Management and Prioritizing – One great benefit of your teen being involved in extracurricular activities is thatRead MoreThe Importance Of Extracurricular Activities For All Students Essay880 Words   |  4 PagesSummary This article begins by discussing the importance of extracurricular activities for all students. Only a small margin of student with disabilities has a goal or even mentions extracurricular activities in their IEP’s. With the passing of IDEA in 2006, this allowed students to be more involved with their nondisabled peers within the academic settings but does not cover the after school activities. These activities can be crucial to a student’s developmental skills in the long run. In a studyRead MoreExtracurricular Activity Aiding Positive Development1501 Words   |  7 PagesBettering Students’ Lives: Extracurricular Activity Aiding in Positive Development More than half of American teenagers that attend school participate in some sort of organized activity (Gardner, Roth Brooks-Gunn, 2006). A structured organized activity may include athletic teams, school clubs and organizations like student council or drama club, youth groups, and more. Psychologists are becoming more and more interested in how adolescents are spending their leisure time and how it affects theirRead MoreCollege Is Not Just About Receiving Good Grades842 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents to get involved in student support programs and extracurricular activities such as internships, community involvement and leaderships. The reason why it s important for students to get involved is so they can apply what they learn in the classroom into practice, gain social skills, develop leadership skills and learn time management skills. Moreover, what make it more respected is the skills gained from extracurricular activities and student support programs such as networking, mentor ships

Neher and Sandin Free Essays

How does one come to have the character and practical wisdom to know what is ethically required in one’s communication with others? In the Navy we have an â€Å"Ethos† and part of it states, â€Å"integrity is the foundation of our conduct, respect for others is fundamental to our character, decisive leadership is crucial to our success†. This mirrors in part with what Newer and Sanding (2007) state, â€Å"the person who has integrity or good character relies on his or her good judgment to act ethically in each given situation†, (p. 7). We will write a custom essay sample on Neher and Sandin or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t believe one is born with the traits of a virtuous person, these are learned through the actions of others particularly the parent. â€Å"Set the example and do the right thing even when you think no one is looking’, I can’t tell you how many times I have uttered these words to my Sailors and my boys. But I know it is my actions that both are scrutinizing. For example, I was once offered to have a course marked as complete by a First Class Petty Officer because he commented on how busy he knew I was and was sure I had employed the course several times during my time in the service. I quickly responded with, â€Å"that it wasn’t necessary for him to that and I would complete the course like he and the others in my department had done†. Later he told me he was testing me because he was looking for a mentor. Actions speak volumes for your character. As for the second part of the question, I believe character and practical wisdom are developed through those we Interact with and experiences we have In life. We gain practical wisdom from every situation we are Involved In and how we Andre the situation develops our character In the eyes of those who observe our actions. As Aristotle stated, â€Å"sound, practical wisdom and sound character must always be the gulled In these situations†, (Newer Sandal, 2007, p. 30). How to cite Neher and Sandin, Papers

Loyalty, Devotion, Fortitude Essay Example For Students

Loyalty, Devotion, Fortitude Essay Hillary Johnson 12/13/1998 English P.7 (Ruff-draft) The ancient Greeks believed that everyone should live by a certain set of rules. Some of these included: 1) obedience of the gods, 2) the ideal of a strong intellect and strong body, and 3) loyalty, devotion, and fortitude. The theme Ive chosen for this paper is loyalty, devotion, and fortitude. I think Penelope, Odysseus crew, and Odysseus all showed one, if not more of these traits. Penelope for example showed all of the aforementioned qualities. She showed great loyalty to her husband, in the many years he was absent from his wife and kingdom, as the quote, with native Ithicans here to court me, against my wishes shows (pg. 728). The quote says that even with countless numbers of men asking for her affections, she simply turned away in hopes that her husband would one-day return. Penelope also showed great fortitude and devotion. By allowing the suitors into her home, and being a gracious host, even though she knew exactly why they were there, and even though they were rude guests, Penelope showed devotion to the 1 Johnson, 2 gods, who said that guests should be welcomed into the home any time, and cared for as if they were ones closest friends. So every day I wove on the great loom, but every night by torchlight I unwove it (pg. 728). This quote speaks of the shroud she told the suitors that she must weave for her husband before she could choose one of them to marry. This shows loyalty to her husband, because even though she knew she might be caught by one of the suitors, she would still try and stall for time, as long as she could. Odysseus crew showed loyalty to Odysseus, and great fortitude. The lovely voices in ardor appealing over the water made me crave to listen, and I tried to say Untie me! to the crew, jerking my brows; but they bent steady to the oars. Then Perimedes got to his feet, he and Eurylochus, and passed more line about, to hold me still. So all rowed on (pg. 707). This quote speaks of the orders Odysseus gave to his crew, in order to keep the ship from being destroyed by the Sirens. He told the men to tie him to the ships mast, and if he pleaded to be set free, then they were to tie him tighter to it, until they had passed the Sirens, and it was safe for him to be set free again. Johnson, 3 Odysseus showed great loyalty and valor, in his adventures. Odysseus was extremely loyal to the gods. Many, many times, throughout the epic, Odysseus prayed to, thanked, and spoke highly of the gods, even when they dealt him a loosing hand. One example of this is when he is addressing the Cyclops about his hospitality to Odysseus and his crew. Great Sir, have a care for the gods courtesy; Zeus will avenge the unoffending guests. This excerpt shows Odysseus warning the Cyclops of the gods wrath, for his lack of hospitality. In this paper, I have cited several accounts of people being loyal to each other, having great devotion to the gods, and having great fortitude in the face of danger. Penelope, with her loyalty to her husband, Odysseus, with his devotion to the gods, and Odysseus crew with their incredible bravery; all of these people represent the ways of life for the ancient Greeks. .

Impact of Mass Media on Socialization

Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essays

Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essays Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essay Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essay The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the dynamicss of an ionic reaction through look intoing the order of reaction with regard to [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] by ciphering initial rate of reaction, so as to measure the rate invariable of the reaction and to detect qualitatively the consequence of altering ionic strength on the reaction rate. Data Treatment and Analysis In this experiment, ionic strength plays an of import portion. A sample computation has shown to cipher for the ionic strength of each tallies. For mention solution ( Run 1 ) , By changing the different sum of reactants used will let to happen the initial rate of the whole reaction. The different sum of reactants used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment was tabulated into Table 1 found in Appendix 2. The experimental informations collected during the experiment can be found Table 2 in Appendix 3. It is being considered that the volume of Na2S2O3 used is relative to the concentration of I2 produced which is so relative to the concentration of Br2 nowadays from the reaction. Therefore, with the sum of Br2, the rate of reaction to bring forth Br2 can be determined. NaHCO3 is moving as a base that quenches the reaction by responding with the acidic [ H+ ] ions that is present in the reaction mixture The three graphs are plotted from the consequence above can be found in Figure 1 to 3 of Appendix 4. The equation of the each secret plan was differentiated and tends reaction clip to zero to cipher the initial rate with the coefficient of stoichiometry of each reactant as harmonizing to the mean reaction rate equation shown here: For Run 1, = 1.016 ten 10-5 M s-1 It is assumed that the volume of Na2S2O3 used is relative to concentration of Br2 produced and therefore, the initial rate is in M s-1. Table 3 found in Appendix 5 shows the tabular array of deliberate initial rate, ln initial rate, concentration of reactants and ln concentration of reactants. Using the Regression map in Excel 2010 with the Circuit boards of informations analysis map for Run 1 to Run 13, the order of reaction for [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] and [ H+ ] were found out to be 0.8091 ( AÂ ± 0.0313 ) , 0.8962 ( AÂ ±0.0313 ) , 1.7745 ( AÂ ±0.0313 ) which are rounded off to 1, 1, 2 severally. The drumhead end product of Regression Statistic can be found in Appendix 6. The rounded off whole numbers of the order of reaction figure were utility into to the rate jurisprudence to happen K, the rate invariable: Using the rate jurisprudence, the rate invariable, K, are calculated and tabulated into Table 7 found on Appendix 7. The K is range from 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13. Average K ( from Run 1 to run 13 ) = = 4.14 M-3S-1 Using the K from Run 1 to Run 13, the norm of K was calculated to be 4.14 M-3S-1 Run 14 have k of 3.536 and Run 15 M-3S-1 has K of 3.120 M-3S-1. Discussion Derivation of Rate Law From the experimental consequence, the order of reaction of [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] are determined to be 2, 1, and 1 severally. The entire order of reaction will be 4. Hence, the rate jurisprudence of this ionic reaction can be written as: Rate = k [ Br- ] [ BrO3- ] [ H+ ] 2 Using the rate jurisprudence, it can be assumed that the reaction go on in a individual measure that engage at the same time all three species ( termolecular reaction ) and four atoms. However, reaction with an overall order of 4 are disputing and are of low chance to happen successfully as it will necessitate to necessitate 4 molecules to clash at the same clip with adequate activation energy in order to get down the reaction. The activation energy for the molecules to clash with each other in the right spacial orientation for bond breakage and bond forming is high for terrmolecular reaction which causes the reaction to be extremely non-feasible. Furthermore, in this experiment, both Br- and BrO3- are both negative charges in which the strong electron-electron repulsive force will be present if of all time the hit occurred between these ions and therefore the hit will non be effectual due to inter-electronic repulsive force. Therefore, it is more favorable for this reaction to happe n via more than one measure. The proposed mechanism can be found in the ulterior paragraph. In add-on to old mentioned the equation of this reaction was given to be: 5Br- + BrO3- + 6H+ = 3H2O + 3Br2 The order of reaction is non similar to the coefficient of this reaction which can reason that this reaction is non the simple measure and more than one measure is required for this reaction to happen. Proposed Mechanism A possible mechanism of the reaction has been proposed below: H+ + Br- AÂ ® HBr ( fast ) H+ + BrO3- AÂ ® HBrO3 ( fast ) HBr + HBrO3 AÂ ® HBrO + HBrO2 ( decelerate ) HBrO2 + HBr AÂ ® 2HBrO ( fast ) HBrO + HBr AÂ ® H2O + Br2 ( fast ) This proposed mechanism has a rate-determining measure which agrees with the rate jurisprudence where the concentration of the reactants in the rate finding measure are exponential to the advocate with each of their several single stoichiometric coefficient appears in the rate jurisprudence. Therefore, this is a possible mechanism of the reaction. It is besides noted that H2O and Na nitrate are non portion of the proposed mechanism as both are in big surplus in which the rate of alteration of Na nitrate and H2O are comparatively undistinguished. Consequence of Ionic Strength on the Rate of Reaction The rate invariable, K, found for Run 14 is 3.536 M-3S-1. It is comparatively lower than the scope of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13 and the mean K of 4.14 M-3S-1. With 50 % more of HNO3 to make a more acidic environment show a lessening of rate of reaction. This tendency can be explained by the obstructed interaction between the reacting atoms. When ionic strength additions with the addition sum of HNO3 added, there will be greater figure of witness ions present in it. This will do an addition in the columbic attractive force between the witness ions and responding atoms which will decelerate down and impede the hit with the other reactants. Hence, the figure and opportunities of effectual hit will diminish which will do the rate of reaction to diminish. Consequence of Replaced Na2SO4 for NaNO3 It can be observed from the consequence, that the Run 15 have a important lessening in its rate invariable which shows dramatic lessening of the rate of reaction as compared to the scope of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13 or the mean K of 4.14 M-3S-1. Changing of Na2SO4 to NaNO3 has shown a decreased in rate of reaction. This can be explained by which SO42- have higher figure of charge than NO3- for which SO42- will demo stronger columbic attractive forces with witness ions. Besides, there are two times more sums of Na ions that contribute to the hindering of hit of the reacting atoms. The witness ions will therefore be slow down and hindered which resulted in lessening of rate of reaction. From the two alterations in Run 14 and Run 15, both altering of the ionic strength and replacing the type of ions present will greatly impact the rate of reaction. Debye-Huckel Theory and Transition State Theory By uniting the Debye-Huckel theory and The Transition State Theory, the consequence of altering the ionic strength of the reaction on the rate invariable of reaction between two ionic species between A and B: From the equation above, the log kactivity can be calculated as harmonizing to the sample computation below: For Run 1, M-3S-1 The K activity was calculated and tabulated into Table 8 found in Appendix 8. The rate invariable of activity describe the effectual concentration ions in the solution that is free for take parting in the reactions and non the witness ions. The mean K activity is calculated to be 2.046 M-3S-1. This shows that the participating ions are lesser than expected of K concentration. Form the information calculated, it is observed that the activity is low when the ionic strength is 50 % higher. The difference between the mention Run 1 and Run 14 for K concentration is ( 3.614 M-3S-1 3.536 M-3S-1 ) 0.077 M-3S-1 which the different between the mention Run 1 and Run 14 for K activity is ( 1.786 M-3S-1 1.571 M-3S-1 ) 0.214 M-3S-1. This consequence clearly shows that the rate invariable based on activities of the 2 tallies differ significantly. This coincides with the account mentioned in the old paragraph where the consequence of increasing the ionic strength decreases the value of the rate invariable. A slower reaction rate is therefore obtained. The consequence have s hown that the figure of free take parting ions have been lower in Run 14 than in Run 1 which agree that that the increasing of ionic strength increase the sum of witness ion which hinder the hit between the take parting ions and therefore consequence in lower activity of the ions and slower reaction rate obtained. Temperature-Dependency of Rate Constant The rate invariable, K, can be affected by temperature as shown by the Arrhenius Equation: A: Collision frequence factor ; Ea: Activation energy ; T: Temperature ; R: energy gas invariable The Arrhenius equation shows that the rate invariable is governed by the temperature which a alteration in temperature will ensue in alteration of the rate changeless K. The little alteration of temperature in the research lab may do the rate invariable of each tally to fluctuate and therefore, giving a scope of K of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to 13 alternatively of a changeless value. By maintaining the temperature every bit changeless as possible in a temperature-controlled environment can cut down such fluctuation and inaccuracy to the consequence. However, this fluctuating of temperature may non be the exclusive beginning of mistake. There may be mistake of late add-on of the aliquots to the slaking solution that causes more reaction between Br- and BrO3- and produced more Br2 which consequence in higher sum of Na2S2O3 used during titration. This consequences in inaccuracy of the initial rate of reaction. More restriction and beginnings of mistakes will be discussed. Possible restrictions and beginnings of mistakes in experiment In this experiment, there are some restrictions and possible beginnings of mistakes in experiment. The major beginning of mistake will be from the titration with Na thiosulfate ( Na2S2O3 ) where there must be cautious in adding the Na2S2O3 to the solution to turn light xanthous brown before add-on of amylum. If the sum of amylum is added excessively early, it will do complexation and precipitation with I and besides due to the hapless solubility of the I. Hence, it will impact the end point of titration if hapless judgment of the shadiness of light xanthous brown before add-on of the starch solution. This shows that titration is non an effectual method in finding the initial of reaction where it is prone to systematic mistakes that affect the truth of the consequence. There is merely one titration performed for each tallies at each clip interval which cut down the truth and consistence of the consequence. Besides, the preciseness of the method can be debatable due to different gauging of the color alteration of purple to colourless to find to be the end point. The consistence will besides be affected. However, this mistake can be cut down but non extinguish with reiterating the tallies several clip. Another possible beginning of mistake is atmospheric C dioxide dissolve into the H2O used to organize carbonaceous acid which can disassociate to organize H+ and CO32- ions that will increase the acidic environment in the mixture which harmonizing to Le Chatelier s rule will do REACTION NUMBER to switch frontward and therefore, more HBrO3 formed. This lead to more Br2 formed at inconsistent interval which will diminish truth of experiment. Using stopper can besides assist but non wholly extinguish such mistake. To optimize consistence of the experiment, several safeguards were taken to cut down random mistakes. The starting of the stop watch was ever at the first bead of solution 2 added to the solution 1 during the readying of the reaction mixture. The sum of amylum index was ever consistent at two standard beads with changeless swirling. All of the glass wares were exhaustively washed with deionised H2O after each tally to forestall inaccuracy due to go forth over solution from old tallies. Decision In decision, the orders of reactions of [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] are determined to be 2, 1, and 1 severally and the rate invariable are from 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 with an mean rate invariable of 4.14 M-3S-1. From this experiment, it can be concluded that the rate invariable, K, will diminish with increasing ionic strength of the reaction. Mentions [ 1 ] Atkins, P A ; dePaula, J. ( 2006 ) . Atkins Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed. ) . New York: Oxford University Press. [ 2 ] G. D. Christian, J. E. OReilly, Instrumental Analysis, 2e, Allyn A ; Bacon, 1986. [ 3 ] T. Engel and P. Reid, Physical Chemistry, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ; Person Prentice Hall, 2010. Appendixs Appendix 2: Table of different sum of reactant used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment Table 1: Different sum of reactant used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment Run # Amount of 1M of [ KBr ] used ( milliliter ) Amount of 0.2 M of [ KBrO3 ] Used ( milliliter ) Amount of 1M of [ NaNO3 ] used ( milliliter ) Amount of 1M of [ HNO3 ] used ( milliliter ) Entire Volume ( milliliter ) Entire Ionic strength

Joseph Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Joseph Stalin - Essay Example Stalin, nevertheless, sought affiliation to a secret organization known as Messame Dassy whose members advocated Georgian independence from Russia. Driven by its cause, Stalin expressed his object of interest in radical activism through which he necessitated to communicate subversive political perspectives of the monarchical Russian government at the time and this led to his expulsion from school in 1899 prior to graduation. As a continuing endeavor of his young yet dynamic passion to oppose and change the system of government in Russia, Stalin fully immersed himself in the studies of communist principles, with particular devotion and credit to the views of prominent socialist figures, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Then he decided to join revolutionary underground Marxist movement in Tpilisi where his active membership to the committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party brought about his arrest, imprisonment, and exile to Siberia from which he managed to escape in 1904. After being caught several times and being able to evade the police authorities in corresponding number therein, Stalin thought of regarding himself as the â€Å"man of steel†, having withstood and released himself from the exile to Turukhansk, an extremely far village lying outside of the Arctic Circle. By the time he reunited with the Marxist movement in Tpilisi which split into two factions – the â€Å"hard† (supporters of Lenin), otherwise known as the ‘Bolsheviks’ and the â€Å"soft† (supporters of Martov) or the â€Å"Mensheviks†, Stalin distinguished himself with the former. Though he played no direct involvement in the October Revolution of 1917, Stalin proved useful in the Bolshevik party due to his practical yet professional application of democratic centralism, a profoundly revered ideology of Vladimir Lenin. Between 1905 and 1906, Both Lenin and Stalin initially met in the congresses of the Russian Social Democratic Worker s Party held in London and Sweden. During the revolution, many detested Stalin’s hostile methods of protest against the government of Russia which used to be consisted of the Romanov dynasty that reigned for 300 years until the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II through the February Revolution. Lenin, however, perceived him a loyal activist that this consequently took Stalin to earn the advantage of handling various posts in the government by Lenin’s approval. For Lenin, who designated him at the Bolsheviks’ Central Committee in 1912, his act of organizing bank robberies and money transport raids back in the years 1904-1905 must be justified as a means to help Bolsheviks raise funds for the revolution even if the Mensheviks treated it as rather an utter deviation from the true philosophy of revolutionary socialism (Joseph Stalin Biography). When Stalin emerged with growing control and power especially over matters dealt with by the Communist Party’s Central Co mmittee where he got appointed the General Secretary in 1922, he gradually formulated agendas that would make him acquire the most suitable path toward higher order of leadership. Upon Lenin’s death in 1924, the triumvirate that constituted him, and the other two prominent

Metaphysics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Metaphysics - Term Paper Example According to metaphysicians, those features they share are called Universals. Widely, universals are often abstract while particulars are often concrete. However, this is not always the case as metaphysicians like D.M. Armstrong choose to also view universals not just as concrete, but in many lights that some other philosophers might not agree with. As far as universals and particulars are concerned, there are two main points of view that are competing for attention (Crane & Farkas 131). The first point of view is the theory which holds that the things in existence cannot be considered to be what they really are without the sum total of all their characteristic features. The implication of this position is that whatsoever an element is, it is as a result of the features that can be attributed to it. These features also pertain to space and time. This point of view is called the Bundle Theory (Inwagen & Zimmerman 62). The second point of view that is worthy of mention is the Substance-Attributes Theory. The Substance-Attributes Theory does not hold the opinion that the totality of a thing is the summation of all its properties, rather it opines that objects are ultimate, not their properties. Thus, there is the need to contrast between these things and the attributes they possess (Inwagen & Zimmerman 17). The position of D.M. Armstrong is not in tandem with the Bundle Theory. What Armstrong does is that he uses the basic arguments that support bundle theory as the premises on which he build his argument against. Armstrong’s first premise against the Bundle Theory is that a thing should be regarded as nothing without its bundle of properties, which of course includes the spatial and the temporary. He then goes on to posit that â€Å"if a thing occupies the same place at different times, then it has different properties and has to be a different thing.† (56). This implies that it does not change its properties as time changes. With this premise, he concludes

Performance Measurement Systems of Organizations Essay

Performance Measurement Systems of Organizations - Essay Example The different types of performance measures are input measures, process measures, output measures, outcome measures and impact measures. The organizations can develop their own customised systems to meet their specific requirements and circumstances or utilize a number of performance management models and tools to develop their framework. The major performance measurement systems in use today are Balanced scorecard, Activity-based Costing and Management, Investors in People Standard, Quality Management, Charter Mark and Performance Prism. The frameworks are explained in the following sections. A Balanced scorecard defines what management means by "performance" and measures whether management is achieving desired results. Kaplan and Norton (1992) noted that it was designed to improve current performance measurement systems by providing alternatives to managing organizational performance exclusively through financial measures. According to them (1996), "the name reflected the balance between short- and long-term objectives, between financial and non-financial measures, between lagging and leading indicators, and between external and internal performance perspectives." According to CIMA (2005) official definition, the Balanced scorecard is "an approach to the provision of information to the management to assist strategic policy formulation and achievement". A Balanced scorecard is used to clarify or update a business's strategy, link strategic objectives to long-term targets and annual budgets, track the key elements of the business strategy, incorporate strategic objectives into resource allocation processes, facilitate organizational change, compare performance of geographically diverse business units and increase companywide understanding of the corporate vision and strategy. Evolution of the concept The concept was originated by Robert Kaplan and David Norton (1992) as a performance measurement framework that added strategic non-financial performance measures to traditional financial metrics to give managers and executives a more 'balanced' view of organizational performance.The developments in the concept are as follows: a. 1st generation- The Balanced scorecard designs feature a small number of performance measures typically spread across four perspectives, namely; financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth, as proposed by Kaplan & Norton (1996). b. 2nd generation- New Balanced scorecard designs illustrate how the various objectives are related using a diagram called the 'strategic linkage model' or 'strategy map' (Kaplan & Norton, 2004). Using objectives and linkages helps to provide a stronger basis for choosing measures and for justifying these choices to others. c. 3rd generation- The third generation of Balanced scorecard designs were developed in 2000. These are easier to develop, implement and use than any earlier version. Balanced scorecard has become the focus of a wider strategic management process - a framework for strategic management and control rather than just a performance measurement device. Perspectives The Balanced scorecard sets out a framework of four key perspectives (Kaplan and Norton, 1996), as shown in the following figure. Figure 1 - Perspectives of Balanced

Vampire Diaries The Awakening Book Report English Literature Essay

Vampire Diaries The Awakening Book Report English Literature Essay Lisa Jane Smith is an American author. She lives in California. Her books are young-adult literature, horror, science fiction/fantasy and romance. She has written three trilogies, two series and two companion novels. Her books are popular and the characters are unusually beautiful people, human and supernatural and most of them are young, or at least almost youthful. Plot: In the start, its a story about Elena, she is a popular high school student. She has returning home from France at the start of a new school year.  She begins in senior year at Robert E. Lee High School; she meets her best friends Bonnie, Meredith and Matt. A new boy in school, Stefan Salvatore catches the attention of all the girls. All the girls want his attention, but he didnt care, including Elena. This chocks Elena, because she never had been ignored by a boy before. Through the memories of Stefan, I got to know that Stefan is a vampire from Renaissance Florence, Italy. He had also lived since the late fifteenth century. Elena reminds Stefan of a girl named Katherine, because both look exactly likes each other. Katherine is a vampire, who Stefan has fallen in love with. Stefan hoped to marry Katherine, but the romance become complicated when Stefans Brother Damon Salvatore, appeared, because Katherine was romantically interested in Damon too. Damon and Stefan hated each other, because they both loved Katherine. One night Elena was at a school dance and upset because Caroline showed up with Stefan. But later she went off with Dick, Tyler, and Vicki to the church, but Tyler brings her out into the graveyard. He puts her down and tries gets on top of her, Elena screamed and try to get him off. Stefan appears and beats Tyler, and brings Elena back to her house. Later, they start to be friend and they fall in love, as the started to fall in love, three people have been killed. One day she wanted to visit Stefan and she goes to Stefans house, she didnt found him in his room, but she found him in the roof with blood on mouth, telling her to not be afraid. She falls off the roof and he catches her. He brings her up to his room and tells her everything. Setting: Mysticfalls, Virginia: The whole story happens in Mysticfalls, some of the place there in our time I think. Because they dont talk like people did in old time and the places seems to be modern. Like the high school they go on, they have allowed having cars on the schools parking place. I dont think they could in old time. Renaissance Florence, The late fifteenth century in Italy: The author hasnt described how it looks but its has a lot of effect on the content. Here is almost the story start, because Stefan and Damon fight over the Katherine. Both hoped to merry her and they hate each other bitterly. Graveyard: The situation happens on night; because the author says the moonlight cast shadows over the graveyard, and the place is dark. Many worn and leaning granite, many old stones from centuries past. I think because its night and dark Tyler dared to try on Elena and then Stefan come. After it Stefan and Elena become friends. Character analysis: Elena: Elena has pale golden hair. Also blond and she are slender and she has a sky blue eye. She is popular, a trendsetter. The high school senior and the girl that can have any boy she wants, and every girl wants to be. She is confident and brave, because when Stefan told her that he was vampire, she was not so scared. Stefan: He is mysterious. He had a lean, flat-muscled body. His hair is wavy and dark. He is just average height. He is good vampire because he only drinks animals blood, because of that he is weaker than Damon, because Damon drinks human blood. He seems to be or he is the only one who can resist Elena from suck the blood from Elena. Damon: He is sexy and dangerous. He has dark eyes, and dark beauty and grace and the sensuality that drew women to him but he is evil. He wants revenge against Stefan, who has betrayed him and he want Elena, because she looks like Katherine and because he know that this would hurt Stefan and make him angry. He drinks human blood that makes him strong. Theme: I think the author try to tell us that vampire doesnt always is evil, and that they do not always drink humans blood. Elena doesnt seem to be afraid when Stefan told her that he is vampire, but he wont hurt her, maybe that some girls trust the boy when they really love him. Love can make to people to hate each other bitterly. Even in family and brothers who loved each other before, and love triangle can turn to be really difficult when two boys love the same girl. Yes, I think she has achieved her intended purpose. She describe so much that you get her point, what she try to say. Your opinion: I really like this book. Its really exciting, theres always happened something exciting but there are many difficult words and not much action. I think part two its going to be better because the first part, also this book its just about the history of them and about the past. Not so much action. Recommendation: I would recommend this book or this book series to girls but some boys might like this. Because this books its about love triangle and its really girly. I think teenagers would like this book series, 14-18 years old girls or maybe boys.

Impact of Child Abuse and Neglect on Victims Essay -- Effects of Chil

Parents who take out anger on their kids not only place them in a dangerous position physically, but they harm them emotionally and mentally as well. Child abuse can be described as many different things. One of the more common forms of abuse is neglect. As stated by James W. Vander, in the book Human Development, "neglect is defined as the absence of adequate social, emotional, or physical care." (Vander, 1997). This could include undernourishment, a mother not paying attention to a sick or hurt child, or even a guardian not sharing happiness with his or her child. Physical abuse is defined by Vander as "nonaccidental physical attack on or injury to children by the individuals caring for them." (Vander, 1997). This type of abuse is where the hitting, yelling, spanking, and even sexual abuse come into play. Children are not only hurt in the present time of growing up, but in the future as well. This problem of abuse harms many individuals each day, and the repercussions are f elt by all of society. Incidence and Severity Many people should be worried about this phenomenon because it is very severe. More than three million cases of child abuse are reported each year. That number only reveals the amount of cases REPORTED, let alone all of those that go unreported. The children who are involved live very unhappy lives, but the effects of the abuse will be discussed a little further on. Today's society has a need to worry about these incidences because child abuse affects it as well. According to Cathy Widom, a personality analyzer, there is a strong chance that a child who was abused as a child will grow up to commit criminal acts. She found that "26 percent of the abused youngsters went on to commit juvenile cr... ...closure by "direct inquiry, by obtaining a complete [abuse] history, ..., or by asking about best and worst experiences of childhood." (Ratican, 1994). By doing this, the victim will hopefully be able to express his or her feelings productively. "For many survivors, part of the trauma was the need to keep the secret... The survivor often needs to share the secret with his or her support system, in a group of fellow survivors, or both to experience relief of this burden." (Ratican, 1994). Many researchers feel that classic therapy is not enough to helpan abuse victim. There needs to be much more involved than paint blobs and talking. Some feel that hypnosis and journal writing are some effective methods. All that is important is that the abuse victims get their repressed feelings out and they are able to accept what happened and move on with their adult life.

Was the Vietnam War Winnable

Was the Vietnam War Winnable? The war in Vietnam waged by America was unwinnable through the type of warfare that was used by the US . If they had concentrated on certain key aspects they may have prevented the spread of communism to South Vietnam and achieved their ultimate goal. Americas inability to obtain the â€Å"Hearts and Minds â€Å"of the Vietnamese led to a continual supply of fighters. The US was unable to fight against an ever-increasing civilian army. In Vietnam the US relied tremendously on their advanced and superior firepower to defeat the Vietcong and the ARVN.There technology and training was inadequate in the foreign Vietnamese terrain. The Vietnamese were allied to other communist nations, if their defeat was too humiliating they may have escalated the cold war to a hot war. America was not supported by the people of Vietnam in their efforts to rid South Vietnam of â€Å"evil’ communism, even before the war began. This is one vital area the Americans fa iled. Their â€Å"Hearts and Minds† operation that begun years before the official beginning, of the war, was short-lived. The People of Vietnam considered â€Å"U. S. Diem is using fascist violence to provoke war, contrary to the will of the people and therefore must certainly be defeated† ( Le Duan, 1956). The hatred Vietnam had of outsiders trying to control them was spurred by years of colonisation by the French before the War started. This became a major setback as it was not corrected before the US attacked the communists. The angered civilians refused to cooperate with the Americans and this was one of their largest setbacks during the war. American soldiers entered Vietnam believing themselves to be fighting for the Vietnamese people protecting them from the â€Å"evils† of communism. he Vietnamese resisted the Americans believing them to be disrupting their peace. This infuriated the solders causing them to lash out at the locals. They had â€Å"raped, cut off ears, cut off heads, taped wires from portable telephones to human genitals and turned up the power, cut off limbs, blown up bodies, randomly shot at civilians, razed villages in fashion reminiscent of Genghis Khan†( Kerry, 1971). The civilians retaliated by aiding the Viet Cong eventually joining them. This continued over the span of the war thereby creating an ever-increasing number of People fighting against the Americans.Americas inability to attain the â€Å"Hearts and Minds† of the Vietnamese population led to a constantly growing opposition ensuring that for every one â€Å"gook† the Americans killed there were always 2 more to replace him. No matter how many casualties USA inflicted on Vietnam the continuous supply of people would eventually beat the policy restricted US. ‘You can kill 10 of my men for everyone I kill of yours, but in the end I will win and you will lose†. American did not have the people of Vietnam backing them. To t he Vietnamese they were intruders who murdered their families forcing the people of Vietnam to fight back.The Vietnamese’s refusal to cooperate with America prompted backlash from the solders. The Vietnamese’s responded with even more resistance to the US. This chain reaction fuelled the hatred the Vietnamese had for America. The USA was extremely vain when going to war in Vietnam. They had extreme firepower. With a few weeks notice at the time, had the power to turn Vietnam into a region of radioactive glass. The US’s strategy of search and destroy conflicted directly with the Vietnamese’s strategy of hanging onto their belts (caplan,2012).Unlike previous American victories against Japan and Germany, massive American bombing of enemy cities and use of heavy artillery would not be as effective. The Viet Cong used a guerrilla warfare which did not allow the use of American artillery and bombs to kill them. The dense jungle fighting created low visibility f rom the air, which made it hard for the United States to utilize their far superior weapons. America dropped seven million tons of bombs on North Vietnam and the neighboring countries of Laos and Cambodia United States air forces only dropped 2. 2 million tons of ordnance in the largest war in history, WW2 .America dropped over ,three times more bombs, but it was still not effective enough to defeat North Vietnam. The US strategy of destroying enemy troops and supplies faster than they can reproduce them was not a viable strategy. The Vietnamese who had been fighting for independence for hundreds of years and were not about to give up. The US, at that time relied on their extremely advanced technology to combat the Vietnamese. This failed as the Vietnam is covered in dense jungle which rendered the Americans fighting style useless, they were accustomed to fighting in larger open areas instead of dense jungle and narrow city treets. Vietnam not only had an almost infinite number of p eople but also was supplied by both the Soviets and the Chinese. The Chinese were essential in North Vietnams eventual unification of Vietnam. They provided military experts to advise generals in decision making large amounts of military equipment and eventually solders to aid their war efforts against the South. This not only supplemented their strength but was also a separate major threat for USA. China and the Soviets being communist aimed at spreading communism around the world directly clashed with USA’s policy of preventing the spread of communism.The most successful part in America’s strategy was operation â€Å"Rolling Thunder† which was a large amount of bombings over Vietnam. This was the most successful of all American tactics. It incapacitated their enemy around 1972. Even though the most bombs in history, were dropped over Vietnam, America still feared the Chinese’s. If they hit too hard with the bombings on Vietnam their communist allies may involve themselves turning the cold war that they fought through Vietnam and other smaller nations into a hot war with Mutually Assured Destruction for the entire world.Had they continued the routine bombings and adjusted their fighting styles accordingly they may have triumphed in this conflict. The Vietnam war may have been winnable if the United States had focused more on re-educating the local people of Vietnam had adjusted their stratergy to fit the type of warfare and terrain in South Vietnam. They would have had to defeat the communists subtley to avoid humiliating the Chinees ans Soviets. Unfortunately the Americans â€Å"plunged boldly into the thick† of Vietnam without careing to attin the hearts and minds of its people.They fought against the natural terrain instead of adapting to it which was highly advantageous to the Vietnamese as it his them for so long. The USA is not known for being for being subtle and enjoy going full out into wars. By disgracing other com munists states they would turn the cold war into a hot war annihilating much of the planet. Therefore using a stratery that depende of heavy firepower and without the support of the locals the Vietnam war was unwinnable, if they had won the war and left Vietnam in a state of disgrace theywould have turned the cold war into a hot war. The perpose of the war was to atop the spread of communism and

Thailand1 essays

Thailand1 essays IINTRODUCTION Thailand, formerly Siam, officially Kingdom of Thailand, kingdom in Southeast Asia, bounded by Myanmar (formerly known as Burma) on the north and west, by Laos on the northeast, by Cambodia and the Gulf of Thailand (Siam) on the southeast, by Malaysia on the south, and by the Andaman Sea and Myanmar on the southwest. The total area of Thailand is 513,115 sq km (198,115 sq mi). Bangkok is the capital and largest city. IILAND AND RESOURCES Thailand lies within the Indochinese Peninsula (see Indochina), except for the southern extremity, which occupies a portion of the Malay Peninsula. The country's extreme dimensions are about 1770 km (about 1100 mi) from north to south and about 800 km (about 500 mi) from east to west. The physiography is highly diversified, but the mountain systems are the predominant feature of the terrain. A series of parallel ranges, with a north-south trend, occupy the northern and western portions of the country. Extreme elevations occur in the westernmost ranges, which extend along the Myanmar frontier and rise to 2595 m (8514 ft) atop Doi Inthanon, the highest point in Thailand. The peninsular area, which is bordered by narrow coastal plains, reaches a high point of 1790 m (5860 ft) atop Khao Luang. Another mountain system projects, in a northern and southern direction, through central Thailand. At its southern extremity, the system assumes an east-west trend and extends to the eastern frontier. Doi Pia Fai (1270 m/4167 ft) is its highest peak. The region to the north and east of this system consists largely of a low, barren plateau, called the Khorat Plateau. Making up about one-third of the country, the plateau is bordered by the Mekong River valley. Between the central and western mountains is a vast alluvial plain traversed by the Chao Phraya, the chief river of Thailand. This central plain, together with the fertile delta formed by the Chao Phraya near Bangkok, is the richest agricultural an...

buy custom Development Through Interaction essay

buy custom Development Through Interaction essay INTRODUCTION The role parents and adults play in a childs development is very essential if they were to grow up into normal adults. This is because children over the age of 2 and under the age of 6, as young as they may appear, learn fast through doing and copy pasting behaviors therefore they need proper environments and proper corrective measures whenever they go wrong. Proper day cares and play mates also define what they grow up into. For instance a boy that grows up in a family environment where the father is abusive, chances are high he may grow up to become an irresponsible adult living an extreme life of either being abusive or lacking self esteem and motivation. ESSAY A low self esteem is the first step into many of the problems found in our societies; rapists and drug addicts are only but a few of such resultants while a high self esteem means to be accepted and valued in a way that this growing future generation feels wanted and appreciated in their surroundings . Consider a family that values education in that every family member is expected to be a top performer. In such a setting, children who do excel in their tests are likely fit in well thus high self esteem. On other hand, children who appear helpless in their academics and are subjected criticism from their teachers and parents suffer from low self esteem. From a smile at a time and constant attention grows a child that feels loved and appreciated (NAESP 1991). This in turn helps them as they reach a school going age and learn to interact with their surrounding helping them ealuate and choose good playmates and adults they can look up to. Praising a child for hard work either at school or at home helps develop their talent, but over praising them makes it habitual and can be disastrous when at a given point in time they encounter failure at first glance this way, they are bound to get hurt. Finding therefore better ways of praising children not only builds their self confidence but also builds that character in a way that grows a balanced character that believes in hard work as a key to success. As much as children are not to be over praised for finishing their homework in time they also should not be praise whenever they do something wrong (Collins 1984). Learning to give constructive criticism to good performance in a way helps better growth, a proper example for is would be a mother who by reminding me of how hard I had studied whenever I brought home from school good results made me study even harder to make her happy. Every child is born in their own unique way. However the caregiver and a culture to which a child is attached to strongly affect their emotional control in a way that teaches us to understand how to take care of them and teach them whenever a bad habit if acquired. Where we live, how we interact with each other when we are near them and also who we name as their care givers whether a professional nanny, the male or the female parent, the grandparents, the elder siblings or it could be the neighborhood teenager who comes in as a baby sitter are just some of the care givers. A culture will include the parentage to which a baby is born for instance Black American family wwill have a way of life thats different from a traditional Asian family. A child with proper care in early life tends have proper social relations as they grow up and this may result in stable emotions.(Collins 1984) On the other hand, a child that grew up lacking proper care would end up emotionally under developed. Lastly, physical punishment is the intentional act of instilling physical pain by rod or by bare hand to punish errant children in order to prevent them from redoing their mistakes again. A saying goes spare the rod spoil the child supports physical punishment as an educative form of punishment as it instills instant discipline to the errant. Quick and less costly, this form of punishment saves time allowing both parties to get back to their tasks. A school example is where a teacher punishes a student that fails to do their homework an thereafter the two can do their remaining class hours without having to waste time. The cons against such type of punishment will include: lowering the self esteem of both parties which might have bad impacts; it being a method that has short term results renders it ineffective. Alternatively, we might use other methods that will prove why the action was wrong to the errant child in a way that they would not want to repeat the same mistakes; physical punishment may also train our children to be violent in a way that they turn into rebels(Vockell 1991), bully their peers and carry such an out dated form of punishment into their adulthood; and this form of punishment is outlawed in many states around the world as its a from of child abuse that might get the punisher into trouble. Buy custom Development Through Interaction essay

The civil war in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The civil war in America - Essay Example Though agriculture flourished in south, farmers did not focus on generating enough food to nourish southern residents rather they focused more on cash crops such as tobacco and cotton. The North conversely had ample food for their citizens and sufficient industries to produce arsenal for their armed forces. Indeed, the northern industries were buying the unrefined cotton and converting it into finished merchandise. In addition it had a widespread railway network that could transfer men and military hardware swiftly and economically. This inequality between the two created a great divergence in economic outlooks. Primarily, this pre-eminence of the North didn't appear to make much discrepancy; like many battles in the past, those concerned thought it would be finished rapidly. But northern compensation would prove vital as the war commences. It was astonishment for the whole world that in spite of so weighty discrepancies in manpower and industrial competence, south nearly succeed in the war. There was no means that the South could probably have got up to the North, which had all of the stuff and monetary rewards, and which did an outstanding job of closing off the only benefit the South had: cotton. Because most of the South’s economy generated by exporting cotton, the North planned to put up the shutters of this trade. In order to shut up this trade the Union Government obstructed the southern ports, as a result of which the quantity of southern cotton supplied to England crashed down. And then the only reliable form of South’s income set off, which was frantically needed by South to beat the North. From the time of rebellion, two groups appeared: those quarrelling for better states rights and those quarrelling that the federal government required having more power. The first structured government of America was under the Articles of Confederation. And there was a slack confederation among the thirteen states with a very fragile federal governmen t. Nevertheless when the troubles became more annoying, the fragility of this government awakened the leaders to unite and create clandestinely the US Constitution. However the strong supporters of the nation i.e. Thomas Jefferson  and Patrick Henry were absent at this unification. Many people were of the idea that the new constitution did not give importance to the rights of the nation to carry on to operate autonomously. They believed that the states must have the right to fix on if they were ready to accept certain federal acts. This gave birth to the thought of nullification, where the states would have the right to regulate the federal acts as unauthorized. But the federal government disagreed upon giving this right to the states. However John C. Calhoun fought passionately for giving this right to the states. Even then nullification did not work and states sensed that they were not given reverence, they moved to secession. A question was also one of the reasons of occurrence of civil war in America. The question was about being slave or free of the states which were acquired by America from the Louisiana Purchase and Mexican war. The rule made by Missouri Compromise suggested that there would be prohibition on the slavery in states acquired from Louisiana Purchase. The clashes aroused during the Mexican war about the happening with new areas that are expected to be acquired by America on victory. David Wilmot suggested that slavery would be forbidden in the new lands. To treat the free and slave states, southern and northern welfare evenly a Compromise was prepared by Henry Clay and many others in 1850. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 further

Short response 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short response 6 - Essay Example According to Hunt (792), it was during this time that almost every revolutionary group wanted to take leadership reigns of the nation. One such group was the Bolsheviks band led by Lenin, who finally came to power. The revolution was a success because it occurred at the right time when Russia people needed change. This was after the World War when everyone including soldiers as well as civilians were tired of the suffering. According to Hunt (791), the revolution that followed this event in Russia was not just war but ended up being a civil war. This war was for power and domination between the Bolshevik party and the Provisional Government. Daniel (398) notes that the Bolsheviks revolution succeeded against incredible odds because of their disregard for any form of rational calculation previously done. Lenin saw a chance for the Bolshevik party to ascend to power and he took it. Together with other party leaders Lenin risked everything to gather enough force against the provisional government which was not ready to hand over power as it did everything to resist the takeover. Other party leaders including Zinoviev and Kamenev wished for a less radical and organized way of getting power. Lenin was keen to seize power once and for all and that is why he made vehement demands on the Bolshevik party to take the opportunity of the Provisional Government’s weakness and fight it with all their might (Daniels 399). He went ahead and chose Marxists ideologies of communism to govern Russia. According to Daniels (400), many of the decisions that Lenin made were widely influenced and pressured by his lieutenants from Bolshevik party. However, Lenin had his own convictions and as Hunt points out, he had devoted all his life to seeing socialism thrive and that is exactly what he did when he gained power. Lenin much feared for a counter revolution in his party leadership and that is why he accommodated other

Humans & others mammals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humans & others mammals - Essay Example Animals like the chimpanzees, apes and bonobos are good examples which through their anatomy and behaviors, prove that evolution is real. The organization of internal organs in the African apes and the human beings is similar. The bone structure is similar and they only differ in shape and size. Human beings however lack tails and this depicts that at one point the humans were analogous to the African apes but they have evolved over time. All mammals are sexually dimorphic in that males are larger than females by about 5-10% (Barton 79). This shows humans are similar to other mammals and are only superior because they have evolved over time. Evolution principles show that body features develop based on habitual bipedalism. The hands of humans are shorter than those of apes. This is because they locomote more using their hands rather than legs. Similarly the legs of human beings are longer than those of apes. The human pelvis and the spinal column are adapted in such a way that the humans remain erect and offer more stability for waking and running. This adaptation is believed to have been achieved due to the competition between humans and other mammals and is evidence that evolution took place. Scientists have proved that the shape of the brain in apes and in humans is similar. However, they differ in size. This increase in the size of the brain proves that evolution has taken place. Human females reach the menopause stage at one point in life. However, other mammals like chimpanzees, apes and gorillas do not become sterile at any stage in life. The Scientific explanation of this difference is based on human selection t hat is a factor that proves evolution (Barton 211). Male Bonobos protect the female bonobos. This characteristic is also present in other mammals such as apes. Human beings also have the same character of males protecting the females. This similarity shows a connection in the origin of humans and apes.

The Value of a Human Life Essay Example for Free

The Value of a Human Life Essay We look at the words of one of the framers of our constitution, and we apply it to the concept of assisted suicide. This subject was one of the hottest issues of the late 20th century, but why was this issue so crucial? Why did it seem to have law writers and judges fumbling to grab for their red tape? There seems to be a more deep seated opinion on why the land that gives us the right to freedom of speech, expression, natural, and civil rights, can restrict the one right we should inherently have. The question I pose for you today isn’t to look at the morality of suicide, but rather look, and ask yourself, why don’t we have the right to die? This paper will be broken down into two sections, one will be the law, precedent, acts, etc. and the other will be the philosophy governing our actions as a collective body and why the ideals that the sound percentage of this united states are unrepresented. The Law There are many cases of assisted suicide, and legislation overseeing it, but the few examples I will give will show the stance that America has taken on the subject of assisted suicide. Jack Kevorkian was the front runner for euthanasia, advocate for a pro-choice death, and leader of one of the most controversial hot button issues of the late 1980s to 1990s. He fought for the legalization of assisted suicide in terminal patients and was known for saying â€Å"dying is not a crime†. He’s an important figure in this movement because he couldn’t be convicted until he was aired on 60 minutes as personally injecting the patient with the drug, instead of having them commit the suicide themselves. The importance of this distinction is that when Jack himself did not inject the patient, he was not found accountable, showing the importance of the word â€Å"assisted† in assisted suicide. [2] Secondly, the Terry Schiavo case was another landmark case pertaining to the death of a terminal patient. Theresa Marie Schindler (Terri) had entered a vegetative state and was comatose and on life support. Her husband had the power to order her feeding tubes removed, ultimately sentencing her to death, however, many people intervened and wouldn’t let her pass away, rather they kept her on feeding tubes for 15 years until she finally was taken off life support and passed 13 days after. During her life, the very controversial â€Å"Terri’s Law† was written up and gave the power to Florida’s Governor to put Terri back on life support. An interesting point in this legislation is that President George W. Bush flew to Washington just to sign this bill into action. â€Å"It should be noticed that this is the same George W. Bush who, as Governor of Texas, signed into state law the power of hospitals to remove a patient (in identical situations as Terris) from life support a critical factor being the familys ability to pay the hospital bills even if such removal was against the familys objections. †[3] This brings a completely different angle into the element of a patient’s death. From the parameters of this case it proves that the government will not intervene into the death of one of its constituents, unless of course that person is not financially able to keep living. I’ll explain this further, in the second section. Another fact to outline our government’s stand on suicide is the Washington v. Glucksberg case. In this case the Supreme Court agreed unanimously that the Due Process Clause of the Constitution did not protect the right to assistance in committing suicide. There was a previous case, Moore v.  East Cleveland, which decided that liberty interests cannot be protected if they aren’t deeply rooted in the nation’s history. Rehnquist wrote that it â€Å"furthered various compelling state interests, such as the preservation of human life and protecting the mentally ill and disabled from medical malpractice†. The Court also thought that protecting physician assisted suicide would create a â€Å"slippery slope† towards involuntary euthanasia. [4] Some things that must be discussed in this regard are as follows. The Due Process Clause protects the right to choice over abortion, which can be compared semi-closely in this case. 5] Why should those who are unborn have no say over their own demise, but yet someone who is suffering and wants to die with dignity cannot have the blessing and assistance of their physician? Furthermore, the slippery slope argument is not a logically proven one, it’s simply using something with shock effect and making it seem less distant than it really is, putting fear in those who notice nothing wrong with the argument. R. G. Frey, DPhil says it best in his book titled â€Å"The Fear of a Slippery Slope,† Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide: For and Against. Especially with regard to taking life, slippery slope arguments have long been a feature of the ethical landscape, used to question the moral permissibility of all kinds of acts The situation is not unlike that of a doomsday cult that predicts time and again the end of the world, only for fol lowers to discover the next day that things are pretty much as they were We need the evidence that shows that horrible slope consequences are likely to occur. The mere possibility that such consequences might occur, as noted earlier, does not constitute such evidence. [6] There’s no other way it can be put, the use of a slippery slope has no bearing on the actual case in front of the judges and should have never been allowed as reasoning for striking down the act. Another commonly cited document in this case is the Hippocratic Oath, the rule of law for doctors and alike as well as a document swearing in medical practitioners into the field. The cited phrase that those opposed to assisted suicide use is â€Å"I will prescribe regimens for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone†. It seems that people are being too narrow-minded about the term, â€Å"harm†. As Philip Nitschke, Founder of Exit International, a pro-euthanasia group says, â€Å"The much-quoted reference to do no harm is also in need of explanation. Does not doing harm mean that we should prolong a life that the patient sees as a painful burden? Surely, the harm in this instance is done when we prolong the life, and doing no harm means that we should help the patient die. Killing the patienttechnically, yes. Is it a good thingsometimes, yes. Is it consistent with good medical end-of-life care: absolutely yes. [8] Another interesting quote in the Hippocratic Oath is the phrase, â€Å"I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause an abortion. †[9] This shows some contradictions in the Oath that the opposition has held so dear. The abortion line has since been removed, as well as the statement about a lethal drug, but in the updated version it also has no statement about â€Å"never do[ing] harm†. Some anti-euthanasia persons use an outdated version of the oath to make their points, but have neglected that there are also other statements in that old version that are no longer applicable to this day and age. [10] The last and final bit of information is the Death with Dignity Act, established in Oregon and Washington. It has been voted in by the citizens of each individual state by majority, challenged by the state legislature and rejected by voters, and even challenged by the Bush Administration and upheld in the Supreme Court by Gonzales v.  Oregon. The act establishes safe and enforceable guidelines to go through before the patient takes the life-ending medication. The guidelines include and enforce a waiting period, must be reviewed by two physicians, the patient must be free of a impairing mental illness, must be witnessed by two people, one of which isn’t family, and the request is voluntary and can be backed out of at any time. [11]/[12] This is the act we need established in the entire United States; one that gives patients the right to die with dignity. The point of this research is to show the clearly biased views of the American government; next, I’ll be demonstrating examples and reasoning for why we should be allowed the freedom to choose. Philosophy First, it must be said that to purely discuss the task at hand we must remove all prejudice about religion and morality. Those things can be used in one’s own personal value that they put upon this subject, but in front of us is the law, and it must be known that all religious aspects must be removed from government. Now, what we’re facing is the legalization and promotion of assisted suicide. Suicide is a non-punishable crime, so to speak. It’s not that they can convict a corpse, but in the attempt of a suicide attempt one can be taken into a mental institution to be assessed and treated. The first question posed is how can a crime that can’t be punished be illegal? How can we outlaw something that no government, law, or individual can persecute another for? Back in the earlier years of this country suicide used to be treated with a common law, governing all forms of the same type of suicide. However, the common law must always be updated in this ever changing society. Back when the precedent was decided there was no need so assisted suicide because the people with the illnesses would simply pass away, but today where there’s life support and other means of keeping sick patients alive, now we must choose where to draw the line in that individual’s suffering. There are different tiers of being â€Å"alive†. The fact that someone is breathing doesn’t mean that they’re alive. One may say that their life is running, playing with family, writing books, or painting pictures. This life is taken away from them when they’re sentenced to a hospital bed with tubes keeping them alive and no way to interact with others. They don’t want to ever let themselves get to the point where their family has to see them like that, and it’s an honorable, selfless thing to do. Human beings have certain unenumerated rights, sometimes known as natural rights, those not to â€Å"be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people†. Upon looking into the words of this phrase in the Ninth Amendment, we see that this amendment is plainly stating a sense of equality. If we apply this to the case of assisted suicide, the vast majority of Americans have the natural right that is life. If we were to break down the spirit of the word life, let it be seen that, as formerly stated, life has different acceptable meaning depending upon circumstances. The law cannot be taken at face value in this case and must be interpreted accordingly. Life, for one may mean freedom, and in this case the only freedom a terminally ill patient has is in death. The patient needs freedom, freedom from the constraints of suffering, freedom to move on to a better place than they are in now, whether that be a religious place, reincarnation, or a hole in the ground. As stated earlier there is a quandary in this argument when finance enters into play. We might ask ourselves why our government is so adamant on keeping us alive. Through legislation, passed by a man that became our president, it appears that a financially stable families can keep their loved ones alive even against the wishes of her husband who has the power of choice, while those not able to pay for life support must watch their loved one die as the feeding tube is removed against their will. The question of preservation of life is miniscule in this example. The real reasoning behind certain groups advocating for life is because of monetary gain, they force an individual who cannot communicate his wishes to continue living an unexamined life on his death bed, while the man who does have a say cannot choose his own path. This brings forward the one of the focal points of this paper; can and individual violate their own rights. The government is put in place to protect our individual rights and freedoms, and they use that title to protect our right to life by not letting us choose. Someone can violate the rights of another and be sent to jail in which their rights are revoked until their time is served, but are the consequences the same for one who attempts suicide? The answer is no, a human being may have the right to life, but that life cannot be violated by themselves. I can say this because of the inherent freedoms allowed by the Bill of Rights. In these, Americans are given freedoms to be their own person, to worship, and express themselves completely and fully within constraints of their own person. As long as the rights of other humans are not directly, or even indirectly, put at risk there is no fear of conviction. To explain further I must say that we cannot violate our own rights in the legal sense. If we are to take our own life, it is our right to, and one cannot be held accountable for their choices pertaining to themselves. This leads us to the discussion of positive and negative rights. Positive rights are those that permit or allow action, whereas negative rights are those who permit or allow inaction. For example, a person may want to be assisted in their suicide, and that should be their positive right to do so, but their physician, who may not morally agree with the procedure, has the negative right to refer the patient to a different doctor. This comes up most frequently in the case of abortion where the doctor may not want to go through with it for moral reasons, but the patient still has the right to have the procedure. This is important in the distinction because a person who does not agree with assisted suicide has the negative right not to have the procedure done on their death bed, and the fact that the wishes of other are not imposed on them is showing the freedom this country has not fully applied on both ends of the spectrum. They should have the right not to have the procedure done if they don’t want it, just as much as the person who wishes to have it should be allowed that right. Liberalist Thomas Szasz writes that, â€Å"If freedom is self-ownership—ownership over ones own life and body—then the right to end that life is the most basic of all. If others can force you to live, you do not own yourself and belong to them†. This is exactly what the framers of our constitution wanted us to believe in, self-ownership, freedom, and the pursuit of happiness. What better way to prove that the individual purely owns himself than to be able to make his own decisions up until and including death. Conclusion In conclusion, the proof if right in our own Constitution, and in the precedent set in past court cases and actions of the government. The right to a physician assisted suicide should be a part of our freedoms just as much as abortion, freedom of religion, and freedom of expression. The Bill of Rights sets up certain unwritten rules that everyone should have equal access to, and it should be stated that the right to life can intrinsically be attributed to death as well. There are already states with legislation in order, but it will take an act of government to make it federally acceptable. The arguments against suicide either come from the slippery slope argument or from an argument from morality. As we can see, the slippery slope argument has no proof or rational acceptance, unless more proof from trial comes forth, and since there are already states which have enacted legislation on the subject, and no problems have arisen, we can justify the disregard for such an argument. The argument from morality also holds no grounds because morality is different in each individual being, and we cannot make another mistake in our practice of government such as letting the thoughts of the many outweigh the few who have a constitutional equality. It is stated that we all have our own freedoms, which cannot be violated either by ourselves or by our government. The protections that are placed upon us are inalienable by any means, and it is contradictory to say that we’re violating our own rights and should be held accountable by anyone except for ourselves. To finish, I hope I have shown enough research, and voided enough counter arguments, to show that and rational being must be able to accept the proposition of assisted suicide from the view of legal equality and representation. I’ll end with two quotes that speak volumes to the desires of these terminally-ill people.

Effect of the Internet on Business Development

Effect of the Internet on Business Development The internet is a network of computers who can share data and communicate between them. Its reach is almost every place in this world (see table 1). Any other technology has never changed a business as fast as internet has done. There are many stories of how a business been transformed on internet. EBay, the biggest e-shop was created by his founder to trade niche goods but now, one can buy or sell almost everything in this world to virtually everywhere. You can transform your business if you are nicely connected to your customers, suppliers and other trade partners. Internet is the best possible connector in a business who is at your service for virtually nothing. There is whole world at your disposal and you dont need to open a shop everywhere. Only thing you need is internet connection with some computer system. If you are able to offer a better deal you are in business otherwise, irrespective of how big or small you are, you are going to run out of business. The impact of interne t includes: Less importance of economies of scale. Fewer barriers to internationalization. Lower marketing communication costs. Greater price standardization. Less information floating time. Easy and fast communication between buyer and sellers. Changes in intermediary relationships. The internet lowers transaction costs in three ways: Search costs: The amount of information available to the buyer and the seller can be increased with the help of internet and that can be accessed conveniently and timely. Contracting costs: The internet helps to establish better communication and monitor the performance of partners in business relationship. It is easier to negotiate and compare prices via internet. Co-ordination costs: The cost of sharing information is reduced due to internet and is helpful in integrating business operations. What is e-business? (Kotler and Keller, 2009) e-business describes the use of electronic means and platform to conduct a companys business. E-business is short form of electronic business, where internet and related technology is used for normal business operations. Here internet is used to increase productivity, reduce costs and thus to increase turnover. The effect of Internet on business Internet has changed the business immensely. It has made the world come closer and trade economically and efficiently. It has created a virtual market where everything is available, not physically but virtually. The greatest effect internet has done on business is that it made trade price sensitive and more logical. A customer now is able to do the research work or comparisons before buying a product or services. Not only customer but it has benefited firm as well. Now firm is able to reach distant customer easily and cheaply. They can create awareness about their product and can interact directly with customer to know their preference, problem and potential solution. There is lot more to come and has impact on almost every sector of business. In further chapters we will discuss about these impacts in detail. Dissertation Objective The objective of writing this dissertation is as follows: To analyse the role of internet in development of business. To highlight the way a firm can effectively use internet technology to gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Project Structure This dissertation is divided in seven chapters with each chapter dealing with a specific topic dealing how internet helps in developing a business. First chapter Introduction contains the basic detail about the internet and their business application. Chapter 2 with heading literature review discusses about the internet and its impact on international marketing, the internet and the e-value chain and international marketing strategy and e-business. Here, the things discussed are the essence of the academic work of known writers. Chapter three discusses about the virtual market (market space) and their different aspects (like how this market can be exploited, what the possible pitfall are and where opportunities lies). Chapter four is about marketing on internet. Here some of the important discussions are on interactive marketing, push marketing and advertising via internet. There is also discussion about global business strategy and driver that need to be adopted for international ma rketing via internet. In chapter five, the academic analysis of internet as a tool for development of business is done. Here porters generic competitive advantage model, Rayport and Sviokla model of marketspace and Dutta and Segevs market space model has been discussed in brief. Further a SWOT analysis of inter is done with some suggestions. In chapter sis a very brief case study of eBay is done. Chapter seven is about the managerial implication of the changing scenario due to internet and in marketplace. Literature Review The Internet and its impact on International Marketing The Internet (Fletcher et al, 2005) The internet is a global network of interlinked computers operating on a standard protocol that allows information exchange. (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) It is the worlds largest network of interconnected distributed computer networks. Thus we can infer that any system which is able to share information to other system through a globally accepted protocol is part of internet and this whole interconnection may be called as internet. Internet commerce (Kotler and Keller, 2009) e-commerce means that the company or site offers to transact or facilitate the selling of products and services online. The internet user in the world is growing fast and so is the market scope for the marketers. According to Internet World Stat, 23.8% of total world population are active internet user. Thus, a vast population of more than 1.5 billion is ready to buy and sell on internet given a better deal. It can be only imagined the vastness and growth of market that within 8 year (2000 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2008) the world internet users grew by 342% and out of those users, 85% have purchased something on internet (Source, Nielsen, Feb 2008). The Internet and International Marketing (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) Marketing is a collection of activities that bring buyers and sellers together to make exchanges that satisfy and give value to all parties. (Carolyn Siegel, 2004) Internet marketing or e-marketing (electronic marketing) is marketing on internet with the help of emails, World Wide Web or other means. It also includes production and selling of internet related products. According to Fletcher in 2005, the introduction of electronic business has changed the fundamental principles of international marketing. He pointed out certain things that internet has changed are: Size of firm is no longer a barrier to internationalization. No need of overseas intermediaries as it became easier to locate customer and deal directly with them. No longer is traditional way of internationalization (moving from familiar to less familiar country) applicable as information became easily available and the communication medium is interactive. The internet (as a low cost medium) allows small and medium firms to become global marketer at their early stage. This is due to the fact that internet can help establishing better communication among overseas customers, suppliers, agents and distributors. We will discuss more about drivers of internet business model, impact of internet on international marketing in chapter 5. Characteristics According to Richard Fletcher et al, 2005, the internet is both communication and a marketing intelligence tool. As a communication tool it helps to build and maintain effective communication with overseas suppliers, distributors and customers. The internet has good information processing capability which acts as link between firm and external environment (discussed later). This ability of internet used as marketing intelligence tool. The internet is used as marketing channel and has following characteristics: Ability to store vast amount of data (information) inexpensively at virtually different location. Interactivity and ability to provide information on demand. Relatively low entry and establishment costs for sellers. Serve as distribution medium for goods like software, e-books etc. Powerful and cheap tool for searching, organizing and processing information. The ability to provide better insight of a product than that of other form of printed catalogue. The Internet and the e-value chain Netchising or Virtual value chain According to Beck and Morrison (2000), the physical value chain activity while globalization has not seen good results. This is due to the fact that a firm uses their resources in overseas activity at the expense of opportunities of domestic market. Not only that, there are other problem faced by an organisation like coordination of physical operations across the globe, the cultural differences, the cost of expatriates and vulnerability to environmental risk that can damage reputation of the firm. Most of these problems can be effectively solved by netchising, a term coined by Beck and Morrison (2000). Netchising is the practice of handing over overseas operations to partners (generally overseas) by outsourcing, subcontracting or franchising. Netchising has following advantages: Efficiency: generally overseas partners are more efficient and are specialized in carrying out the outsourced activities than the outsourcing firm. Convenience: exchange of information becomes easy. Now, orders can be directly placed to the firm without any local agent and a firm can also share information to the customers directly. Reduction in Transaction cost: It reduces the cost of carrying business operations which ultimately benefit the profitability of firm. International value chain According to Plumley (2000), international e-business value chain is the combination of e-commerce platform and secure transaction support (see figure 2.1). The e-commerce platform builds on the countries business rules and language where as secure transaction support builds on currency clearing and legal requirement. According to Gartner Group, internet affects the supply chain (see figure 2.2). It shows that a customer can buy and pay for the product or services easily and at the same time a supplier can also communicate directly with customer and with their own other internal departments. International information chain According to Karmarkar (2000), internet value chain is closely linked with international information chain. The language and cultural differences is the main hurdle in the path of globalization of a firm. When a firm deals with information product (like music, e-books or software) then it becomes easier to go global. In certain cases when product or services are not much attached to language or cultural factors (for ex. Technical publishing and industrial services), then also it is easy to become global. In production of information product and services low labour cost is the key as relative cost of hardware and software has come down. Now, firms look for low cost labour market (like India, China) to develop information products. Outsourcing of information services (customer care service such as call centres) and software development cell are some examples. Thus we can say that in information value chain, the physical infrastructure doesnt play a vital role. International Marketing Strategy and e-business Internet issue and foreign market entry According to Oxley and Yeung (2000), the e-commerce readiness of a market is determined by three factors: The rule of law: A customer is not able to see the original product while purchasing online. Therefore, they need to be assured that if they purchase a product or service online; they will get them as they were told or shown online in given time limit. According to survey by e-consultancy in 2008, 84% buyers look for the sign that a website is secure before making a purchase. Thus, a market (country) must be able to provide an environment where property rights are well defines, courts are efficient in resolving disputes and consumer credits and consumer protection regulations are well established and enforced (i.e. strong tradition of the rule of law). The transactional integrity of online business: It is difficult to track a e-business trader by their e-mail address or website. Also, the entry and exit barrier in e-business is low and this is used as a weapon by dishonest e-traders. They can execute fraud and again be able to do it with a new name (as they can entre again in market with new identity). When dispute arises, it is hard to practise legal action in a different country and can be costly. The availability of infrastructure: migration from traditional market to online market is not possible until customers have access to personal computer and internet connection at reasonable price. Apart from these facilities, they do have the facility of credit card or online payment system. Thus, internet related infrastructure and financial infrastructure are essential Electronic Marketplace Internet a virtual market According to Garrison, (1996), the internet acts as a catalyst for sociological change. It has changed the nature of market, the way of business operation and the mode of communication with customers and other business partners. It has created a market space which has affected the traditional marketplace and consumer preferences by providing greater facilities to them. Internet has become the largest market available to mankind where almost everything is been sell or bought. This market space doesnt exist in physical terms but can get everything available in physical market. Physical vs. Virtual Value Chain Value chain is nothing but a set of value adding activity for the product or services. Rayport and Sviokla, 1996, argued about a new value chain termed as virtual value chain where product or services exist as a piece of information and can be delivered through information based channel of communication. This virtual value chain is different from physical or traditional value chain where one can see or touch products. He said the virtual world as market space while the physical world as marketplace. According to Fletchar et al 2005, the virtual value chain is a realm where products and services exist as digital information delivered through information based channel. He also differentiates virtual value chain and physical value chain on the basis of information used. The virtual value system uses information as the source of value while in physical value chain it is used as a supporting element of value adding process. Thus we can say that now a day a firm has to compete in two busin ess environment, one is traditional and other is virtual business environment. The distinction between the two can be understood by this example. when consumers use answering machines to leave a message, they are using an object that is both made and sold in the physical world, however when they buy electronic answering services from the phone company they are using the market space à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  a virtual realm where products and services are digital information and are delivered through information-based channels. (Rayport and Sviokla, 1996) Figure 2: The Virtual Value Chain in relation to The Physical Value Chain (source: Hollensen, 2001). Adoption of Value Adding Activities: Company adopts value adding information activities in the following three stages: Visibility: Here large scale information systems are used to coordinate activities in the physical value chain. Mirroring Capability: It is the capability of substituting physical activities with virtual and thus creating a parallel virtual value chain in the marketspace (see figure 2). New Customer Relationship: This is the flow of information to customer to deliver value in new ways. This parallel physical and virtual value chain operation allow firms to deliver value to their customer in both marketspace and marketplace. These operations create marketspace based relationship with customers. The virtual value chain consists of five steps, say, gathering, organising, selecting, synthesizing and distributing information. These value adding activity allow company to identify customers desires more effectively and fulfil them more efficiently. This happens, for example, when a car manufacturer shifts its RD from the physical to the virtual value chain. By doing so, they involve customers of different locations in the new product development process. The physical value chain is linear (a sequence of activities with defined input and outputs), whereas the virtual value chain is non-linear (a matrix of potential inputs and outputs that can be accessed and distribute by a wide variety of channels). Relationship marketing It is a way of marketing where marketers or firm try to attract, maintain and enhance relationship with customers and other business partners. Internet (or website) acts as the best medium to communicate with people related to business. Firms now focus on relationship marketing to gather information from customers, to develop customized product or services for a focussed customer group. The internet helps firms to improve relationship with their customers and suppliers; and help them to work effectively. Now a firm doesnt need a middleman or a agent as they can sell directly to the customer via internet. Thus the distance with customer is decreasing and a firm need a smaller supply chain which can increase their profitability. The lesser distance also allows firms to establish a close relationship with customer and provide those customized products or services as per their need. The firms (like eBay, Google etc) involved in innovative business have always realized the power of customer relationship. They bank on the ability to process large relationship database. With the help of this relationship database they formulate their strategy and develop innovative way of marketing. The relationship marketing not only benefit the firm but also the customers. The customers are benefitted because firm can develop customized and focussed marketing message. Mattsson, (1996), has described a relationship as combination of three main components, which affect the parties involved in a business. Those components are legal(L), behavioural(P), and atmospheric (E). These three factor determines the success and failure of a relationship marketing in a particular market. Thus it is possible to have a successful buyer-seller relationship in domestic market totally failure in overseas market. Finally we can say that relationship marketing includes the management of a firm and thus it must be included in the business plan Marketing on the Internet Internet and Global Business Strategy (Kotler and Keller, 2006) e-marketing describes company offers to inform buyers, communicate, promote and sell its products and services over the internet. Drivers of Internet Adoption in International Marketing Once a firm establishes an internet portal (website), they automatically become a MNC (Multi National Company). Quelch and Kelvin (1996) describe two evolutionary paths of a website: Information to Transaction Model (figure 4.1) adopted by existing MNCs where they offer information to address the needs of existing customers. Transaction to Information Model (figure 4.2) adopted by internet start-up companies where they begin with transaction and use the medium to build brand image and secure repeat orders. The basic purpose of these models is either to reduce cost or to increase revenue. According to Quelch and Kelvin (1996), these drivers fall into four quadrant as given in figure 4.3. Internal customers focus/ cost reduction (quadrant 1): This is applicable to the companies who use website as a tool to communicate with their customers. Their main focus is to provide customer services for domestic market. They just happen to attract international traffic. Internal customer focus/ revenue generation (quadrant 2): This is applicable to the companies who use website not only to communicate with their domestic customers but also offer transactions online. This enables a firm to reach those international customers who might be inaccessible via other media. External customer focus/ cost reduction (quadrant 2): This is applicable to the companies whose main aim is to attract international audience through their website. This happens to benefit all customers because of the international scope of operations. External customer focus/ revenue generation (quadrant 3): This is applicable to the firms who not only focus on attracting international audience but also offer transactions worldwide. Here transaction involves connecting buyers and sellers. Company target providing services to existing customers and attract new customers from global market. Impact of Internet on International Marketing Variables The modification in marketing mix variables is necessary while using internet for international marketing. The impacts of internet on application of marketing mix while going to international market are as follows: Pricing: Due to internet customers are more aware of prices in different countries and thus there is increase in price standardization across borders and price differential become narrow. One advantage of this is that price can be customized easily with customers need and their profile (segment). Distribution Channels: Internet has dramatically reduced the number of intermediaries earlier needed for worldwide distribution channels. As now, less capital is needed for inventory and thus the role of intermediaries has been changed. The new roles of intermediaries include collection, spreading, interpretation and distribution of information rather than traditionally handling and distribution of products. Creation of new Market: Internet offers new opportunities for firms to create market by helping buyers and sellers to locate and negotiate trade terms with each other (ex. eBay etc). There is also a market developed for executing transaction between traders (ex. PayPal etc). New Product Diffusion: The traditional test as you go practice where shifting products from one country to another is now outdated. Now, new product announcement or launch generates immediate demand (as information travel faster on internet) and that requires immediate availability of goods. Customization: Due to internet, getting demographic and purchasing profile of customer became easy. This allows firms to customize products for local adaption as per local market demand. Advertising on internet Internet is a low cost advertising medium having reach to global audience. Advertising on internet includes banner advertising on website, email, blogs and links to search engines. As traditional media of advertising is quite expensive and at the same time internet infrastructure is improving day by day and able to prove support to video and graphics on web. With this improvement a firm can successfully launch an online advertisement campaign. Interactive advertising According to Haeckel, Marketing interactivity is a person-to-person or person-to-technology exchange designed to effect a change in the knowledge or behaviour of at least one person. He also point out that interactivity is function of certain dimensions, which is given as: I = Æ'(N, C, F, SI, CI, T, CT, SY, M) Where, I = impact of interaction, M = Type of media involved (Other factors not discussed as not relevant to current topic). Now, as a technology, internet is the strongest media for interactive marketing. The reason for that is Internet is used by almost a quarter of the total world population. It is not limited to a particular geographic reason. The growth of user is fast. Cheapest and fastest way of interacting with majority of population (both for customer and marketers). Haeckel also pointed out that there is going to be much more business and marketing use through internet. He made a graph which shows how we find usage of a new technology with time (see graph below) and thus we can say there is more in store than what we are seeing and using presently. Even interactive marketing may see turnaround with this technology. Marketing with push technology (Wetzel, 2008) defined push marketing as, customers are provided information by receiving or viewing advertisements digitally, such as: e-mail, SMS, RSS, phone calls, etc., as subscribers of the latest product and service information provided by the company. The internet is the cheapest and most effective media that is used for push marketing. Advantages of Push Marketing via Internet Tracking of Customer Preference: It is easier to track user preference with the help of push technology (internet) and customize according to their preferences. A good example of this is Google AdSense that tracks the users visited website or keywords in mail and according to those criteria it shows advertisement (related link). Increase Accessibility: With the help of push marketing a firm can increase customer accessibility by the firms marketing and advertisement of the products. Subscribers get pushed by built in developed software called PointCast that enable users to receive automatic content updates via their internet connection and web presence as the channel to get information when their computers are not in use. Corporate identity in cyberspace Firms are now using web to extend and reinforce their companies brand image in a cost efficient manner. This serves as a complementary media device that re-establishes a firm in consumers mind. By providing valuable information to users a firm can expand their brand image. The regular updating of information may attract customers to visit website regularly, which will reinforce firms image and provide them a chance to create a new and extended cyber image. Analysis and Methodology Competitive Advantage via Internet Porters three generic strategies for competitive advantage According to Porter (1985), a firm can earn high return if they are able to position themselves well enough, irrespective of the structure of the industry and profitability of the industry. He pointed out the fundamental basis for above average performance is sustainable competitive advantage in long run. For that sustainable competitive advantage he gave three generic competitive strategies. Cost Leadership: According to porter (1985), a firm is having cost advantage over his competitors if the cumulative cost of performing value activity is less than the competitors. He further discussed that a firms cost position is a function of; (a) the composition of their value chain to their competitors, (b) their relative position in cost drivers. Now, we see that how internet helps them to achieve them cost leadership by affecting the above two functions. Differentiation: Porter (1985) describes another strategy for competitive advantage is to differentiate their product with competitors products. This means raising the quality with ignoring the cost for the sake of quality. Now internet can help them to do that by interacting directly with customer and customizing products according to target group. Many firms now use blog site to interact with customers and promoting their new or customized product. Focus: Porter describe this as customizing products or services to suit a focused or small segment of consumer group. The internet helps firms to focus on different aspects of the products and customer group. Internet even allow firm to receive specification from each and every customers and according to them they can produce customized products or services. As discussed in chapter 3, the relation of physical and virtual value chain (Hollensen, 2001), we find there is virtual value chain corresponding to each physical value chain. By applying this value chain a firm can become cost leader as it depends on two factors discussed above. A firm can shift to virtual value chain to gain cost advantage over their competitors physical value chain. For example Federal Express (FedEx), a shipment company allows consumer to track their parcels. This tracking system via internet is very efficient and economical. The FedEx has now reduced more than a million query calls per month by providing online shipment tracking system. This is one of the way of reducing cost and step towards cost leader position and at the same time it differentiate FedEx from their competitors. But this is not enough as sooner or later others will follow same practice and FedEx lose the competitive edge. The real edge lies on the innovative and creative way of finding or chang ing physical value chain to virtual value chain. So now apart from technology, innovative idea of using technology is the key for success of a firm. Stuck in the middle Porter (1985) points out a situation, where a firm try to achieve both generic strategy (cost leadership and differentiation) but fails to achieve any of them. He calls this situation as stuck in the middle. According to him, a firm stuck in the middle will compete at disadvantage as others competitors (cost leader, differentiators) will be better positioned to compete in any segment. In case of Google AdSense, Google is offering a differentiated advertising tool at very low cost (usually one get this via auction, where price is driven by customer not producer) is offering a differentiated (highly unique and effective) advertisement. Here both cost leadership and differentiation is achieved by Google with the help of technology. Johnson et al (1998) discuss about the core competency of a firm may be difficult to imitate because they are complex. The google is doing the same thing by making the internal structure complex, which is hard to imitate by competitors. Thus, they can put the mselves in a position where for an advertisement position (ex. Out of five position or space, advertisers bid for first position then second and so on), firms bid among themselves. Thus, it is possible to achieve a position where a firm can achieve cost leadership and differentiation without compromising one for the other with the help of technology (say internet) and their own creativity (say way of using internet). E-business marketing Models and International Competitiveness Rayport and Sviokla Model According to Rayport and Sviokla (1995), the internet has changed the nature of trade. Internet has made both physical location of inventory and the actual place (marketplace) of trade irrelevant. They argued that traditional marketplace (the physical market) transaction has been replaced by markets place (virtual market or e-market) transaction. They concluded that brand equity is created in marketplace through content (i.e. the product offering), context (the communication programmes) and infrastructure (i.e. the pricing and value chain activity related to distribution). While in market space (internet marketing); content, context and infrastructure has been transformed to innovate new ways of creating value. The changes are: Content: Now, everything possible is delivered electronically whether it is product, service or information. Even though operating system (Microsoft window) are available online. They tim