Impact of Mass Media on Socialization

Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essays

Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essays Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essay Ionic Strength Plays An Important Part Biology Essay The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the dynamicss of an ionic reaction through look intoing the order of reaction with regard to [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] by ciphering initial rate of reaction, so as to measure the rate invariable of the reaction and to detect qualitatively the consequence of altering ionic strength on the reaction rate. Data Treatment and Analysis In this experiment, ionic strength plays an of import portion. A sample computation has shown to cipher for the ionic strength of each tallies. For mention solution ( Run 1 ) , By changing the different sum of reactants used will let to happen the initial rate of the whole reaction. The different sum of reactants used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment was tabulated into Table 1 found in Appendix 2. The experimental informations collected during the experiment can be found Table 2 in Appendix 3. It is being considered that the volume of Na2S2O3 used is relative to the concentration of I2 produced which is so relative to the concentration of Br2 nowadays from the reaction. Therefore, with the sum of Br2, the rate of reaction to bring forth Br2 can be determined. NaHCO3 is moving as a base that quenches the reaction by responding with the acidic [ H+ ] ions that is present in the reaction mixture The three graphs are plotted from the consequence above can be found in Figure 1 to 3 of Appendix 4. The equation of the each secret plan was differentiated and tends reaction clip to zero to cipher the initial rate with the coefficient of stoichiometry of each reactant as harmonizing to the mean reaction rate equation shown here: For Run 1, = 1.016 ten 10-5 M s-1 It is assumed that the volume of Na2S2O3 used is relative to concentration of Br2 produced and therefore, the initial rate is in M s-1. Table 3 found in Appendix 5 shows the tabular array of deliberate initial rate, ln initial rate, concentration of reactants and ln concentration of reactants. Using the Regression map in Excel 2010 with the Circuit boards of informations analysis map for Run 1 to Run 13, the order of reaction for [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] and [ H+ ] were found out to be 0.8091 ( AÂ ± 0.0313 ) , 0.8962 ( AÂ ±0.0313 ) , 1.7745 ( AÂ ±0.0313 ) which are rounded off to 1, 1, 2 severally. The drumhead end product of Regression Statistic can be found in Appendix 6. The rounded off whole numbers of the order of reaction figure were utility into to the rate jurisprudence to happen K, the rate invariable: Using the rate jurisprudence, the rate invariable, K, are calculated and tabulated into Table 7 found on Appendix 7. The K is range from 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13. Average K ( from Run 1 to run 13 ) = = 4.14 M-3S-1 Using the K from Run 1 to Run 13, the norm of K was calculated to be 4.14 M-3S-1 Run 14 have k of 3.536 and Run 15 M-3S-1 has K of 3.120 M-3S-1. Discussion Derivation of Rate Law From the experimental consequence, the order of reaction of [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] are determined to be 2, 1, and 1 severally. The entire order of reaction will be 4. Hence, the rate jurisprudence of this ionic reaction can be written as: Rate = k [ Br- ] [ BrO3- ] [ H+ ] 2 Using the rate jurisprudence, it can be assumed that the reaction go on in a individual measure that engage at the same time all three species ( termolecular reaction ) and four atoms. However, reaction with an overall order of 4 are disputing and are of low chance to happen successfully as it will necessitate to necessitate 4 molecules to clash at the same clip with adequate activation energy in order to get down the reaction. The activation energy for the molecules to clash with each other in the right spacial orientation for bond breakage and bond forming is high for terrmolecular reaction which causes the reaction to be extremely non-feasible. Furthermore, in this experiment, both Br- and BrO3- are both negative charges in which the strong electron-electron repulsive force will be present if of all time the hit occurred between these ions and therefore the hit will non be effectual due to inter-electronic repulsive force. Therefore, it is more favorable for this reaction to happe n via more than one measure. The proposed mechanism can be found in the ulterior paragraph. In add-on to old mentioned the equation of this reaction was given to be: 5Br- + BrO3- + 6H+ = 3H2O + 3Br2 The order of reaction is non similar to the coefficient of this reaction which can reason that this reaction is non the simple measure and more than one measure is required for this reaction to happen. Proposed Mechanism A possible mechanism of the reaction has been proposed below: H+ + Br- AÂ ® HBr ( fast ) H+ + BrO3- AÂ ® HBrO3 ( fast ) HBr + HBrO3 AÂ ® HBrO + HBrO2 ( decelerate ) HBrO2 + HBr AÂ ® 2HBrO ( fast ) HBrO + HBr AÂ ® H2O + Br2 ( fast ) This proposed mechanism has a rate-determining measure which agrees with the rate jurisprudence where the concentration of the reactants in the rate finding measure are exponential to the advocate with each of their several single stoichiometric coefficient appears in the rate jurisprudence. Therefore, this is a possible mechanism of the reaction. It is besides noted that H2O and Na nitrate are non portion of the proposed mechanism as both are in big surplus in which the rate of alteration of Na nitrate and H2O are comparatively undistinguished. Consequence of Ionic Strength on the Rate of Reaction The rate invariable, K, found for Run 14 is 3.536 M-3S-1. It is comparatively lower than the scope of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13 and the mean K of 4.14 M-3S-1. With 50 % more of HNO3 to make a more acidic environment show a lessening of rate of reaction. This tendency can be explained by the obstructed interaction between the reacting atoms. When ionic strength additions with the addition sum of HNO3 added, there will be greater figure of witness ions present in it. This will do an addition in the columbic attractive force between the witness ions and responding atoms which will decelerate down and impede the hit with the other reactants. Hence, the figure and opportunities of effectual hit will diminish which will do the rate of reaction to diminish. Consequence of Replaced Na2SO4 for NaNO3 It can be observed from the consequence, that the Run 15 have a important lessening in its rate invariable which shows dramatic lessening of the rate of reaction as compared to the scope of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to Run 13 or the mean K of 4.14 M-3S-1. Changing of Na2SO4 to NaNO3 has shown a decreased in rate of reaction. This can be explained by which SO42- have higher figure of charge than NO3- for which SO42- will demo stronger columbic attractive forces with witness ions. Besides, there are two times more sums of Na ions that contribute to the hindering of hit of the reacting atoms. The witness ions will therefore be slow down and hindered which resulted in lessening of rate of reaction. From the two alterations in Run 14 and Run 15, both altering of the ionic strength and replacing the type of ions present will greatly impact the rate of reaction. Debye-Huckel Theory and Transition State Theory By uniting the Debye-Huckel theory and The Transition State Theory, the consequence of altering the ionic strength of the reaction on the rate invariable of reaction between two ionic species between A and B: From the equation above, the log kactivity can be calculated as harmonizing to the sample computation below: For Run 1, M-3S-1 The K activity was calculated and tabulated into Table 8 found in Appendix 8. The rate invariable of activity describe the effectual concentration ions in the solution that is free for take parting in the reactions and non the witness ions. The mean K activity is calculated to be 2.046 M-3S-1. This shows that the participating ions are lesser than expected of K concentration. Form the information calculated, it is observed that the activity is low when the ionic strength is 50 % higher. The difference between the mention Run 1 and Run 14 for K concentration is ( 3.614 M-3S-1 3.536 M-3S-1 ) 0.077 M-3S-1 which the different between the mention Run 1 and Run 14 for K activity is ( 1.786 M-3S-1 1.571 M-3S-1 ) 0.214 M-3S-1. This consequence clearly shows that the rate invariable based on activities of the 2 tallies differ significantly. This coincides with the account mentioned in the old paragraph where the consequence of increasing the ionic strength decreases the value of the rate invariable. A slower reaction rate is therefore obtained. The consequence have s hown that the figure of free take parting ions have been lower in Run 14 than in Run 1 which agree that that the increasing of ionic strength increase the sum of witness ion which hinder the hit between the take parting ions and therefore consequence in lower activity of the ions and slower reaction rate obtained. Temperature-Dependency of Rate Constant The rate invariable, K, can be affected by temperature as shown by the Arrhenius Equation: A: Collision frequence factor ; Ea: Activation energy ; T: Temperature ; R: energy gas invariable The Arrhenius equation shows that the rate invariable is governed by the temperature which a alteration in temperature will ensue in alteration of the rate changeless K. The little alteration of temperature in the research lab may do the rate invariable of each tally to fluctuate and therefore, giving a scope of K of 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 for Run 1 to 13 alternatively of a changeless value. By maintaining the temperature every bit changeless as possible in a temperature-controlled environment can cut down such fluctuation and inaccuracy to the consequence. However, this fluctuating of temperature may non be the exclusive beginning of mistake. There may be mistake of late add-on of the aliquots to the slaking solution that causes more reaction between Br- and BrO3- and produced more Br2 which consequence in higher sum of Na2S2O3 used during titration. This consequences in inaccuracy of the initial rate of reaction. More restriction and beginnings of mistakes will be discussed. Possible restrictions and beginnings of mistakes in experiment In this experiment, there are some restrictions and possible beginnings of mistakes in experiment. The major beginning of mistake will be from the titration with Na thiosulfate ( Na2S2O3 ) where there must be cautious in adding the Na2S2O3 to the solution to turn light xanthous brown before add-on of amylum. If the sum of amylum is added excessively early, it will do complexation and precipitation with I and besides due to the hapless solubility of the I. Hence, it will impact the end point of titration if hapless judgment of the shadiness of light xanthous brown before add-on of the starch solution. This shows that titration is non an effectual method in finding the initial of reaction where it is prone to systematic mistakes that affect the truth of the consequence. There is merely one titration performed for each tallies at each clip interval which cut down the truth and consistence of the consequence. Besides, the preciseness of the method can be debatable due to different gauging of the color alteration of purple to colourless to find to be the end point. The consistence will besides be affected. However, this mistake can be cut down but non extinguish with reiterating the tallies several clip. Another possible beginning of mistake is atmospheric C dioxide dissolve into the H2O used to organize carbonaceous acid which can disassociate to organize H+ and CO32- ions that will increase the acidic environment in the mixture which harmonizing to Le Chatelier s rule will do REACTION NUMBER to switch frontward and therefore, more HBrO3 formed. This lead to more Br2 formed at inconsistent interval which will diminish truth of experiment. Using stopper can besides assist but non wholly extinguish such mistake. To optimize consistence of the experiment, several safeguards were taken to cut down random mistakes. The starting of the stop watch was ever at the first bead of solution 2 added to the solution 1 during the readying of the reaction mixture. The sum of amylum index was ever consistent at two standard beads with changeless swirling. All of the glass wares were exhaustively washed with deionised H2O after each tally to forestall inaccuracy due to go forth over solution from old tallies. Decision In decision, the orders of reactions of [ H+ ] , [ Br- ] , [ BrO3- ] are determined to be 2, 1, and 1 severally and the rate invariable are from 3.568 M-3s-1 to 5.370M-3S-1 with an mean rate invariable of 4.14 M-3S-1. From this experiment, it can be concluded that the rate invariable, K, will diminish with increasing ionic strength of the reaction. Mentions [ 1 ] Atkins, P A ; dePaula, J. ( 2006 ) . Atkins Physical Chemistry ( 8th ed. ) . New York: Oxford University Press. [ 2 ] G. D. Christian, J. E. OReilly, Instrumental Analysis, 2e, Allyn A ; Bacon, 1986. [ 3 ] T. Engel and P. Reid, Physical Chemistry, 2nd erectile dysfunction. ; Person Prentice Hall, 2010. Appendixs Appendix 2: Table of different sum of reactant used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment Table 1: Different sum of reactant used for each reactant fluctuation used in the experiment Run # Amount of 1M of [ KBr ] used ( milliliter ) Amount of 0.2 M of [ KBrO3 ] Used ( milliliter ) Amount of 1M of [ NaNO3 ] used ( milliliter ) Amount of 1M of [ HNO3 ] used ( milliliter ) Entire Volume ( milliliter ) Entire Ionic strength

Joseph Stalin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Joseph Stalin - Essay Example Stalin, nevertheless, sought affiliation to a secret organization known as Messame Dassy whose members advocated Georgian independence from Russia. Driven by its cause, Stalin expressed his object of interest in radical activism through which he necessitated to communicate subversive political perspectives of the monarchical Russian government at the time and this led to his expulsion from school in 1899 prior to graduation. As a continuing endeavor of his young yet dynamic passion to oppose and change the system of government in Russia, Stalin fully immersed himself in the studies of communist principles, with particular devotion and credit to the views of prominent socialist figures, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Then he decided to join revolutionary underground Marxist movement in Tpilisi where his active membership to the committee of the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party brought about his arrest, imprisonment, and exile to Siberia from which he managed to escape in 1904. After being caught several times and being able to evade the police authorities in corresponding number therein, Stalin thought of regarding himself as the â€Å"man of steel†, having withstood and released himself from the exile to Turukhansk, an extremely far village lying outside of the Arctic Circle. By the time he reunited with the Marxist movement in Tpilisi which split into two factions – the â€Å"hard† (supporters of Lenin), otherwise known as the ‘Bolsheviks’ and the â€Å"soft† (supporters of Martov) or the â€Å"Mensheviks†, Stalin distinguished himself with the former. Though he played no direct involvement in the October Revolution of 1917, Stalin proved useful in the Bolshevik party due to his practical yet professional application of democratic centralism, a profoundly revered ideology of Vladimir Lenin. Between 1905 and 1906, Both Lenin and Stalin initially met in the congresses of the Russian Social Democratic Worker s Party held in London and Sweden. During the revolution, many detested Stalin’s hostile methods of protest against the government of Russia which used to be consisted of the Romanov dynasty that reigned for 300 years until the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II through the February Revolution. Lenin, however, perceived him a loyal activist that this consequently took Stalin to earn the advantage of handling various posts in the government by Lenin’s approval. For Lenin, who designated him at the Bolsheviks’ Central Committee in 1912, his act of organizing bank robberies and money transport raids back in the years 1904-1905 must be justified as a means to help Bolsheviks raise funds for the revolution even if the Mensheviks treated it as rather an utter deviation from the true philosophy of revolutionary socialism (Joseph Stalin Biography). When Stalin emerged with growing control and power especially over matters dealt with by the Communist Party’s Central Co mmittee where he got appointed the General Secretary in 1922, he gradually formulated agendas that would make him acquire the most suitable path toward higher order of leadership. Upon Lenin’s death in 1924, the triumvirate that constituted him, and the other two prominent

Metaphysics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Metaphysics - Term Paper Example According to metaphysicians, those features they share are called Universals. Widely, universals are often abstract while particulars are often concrete. However, this is not always the case as metaphysicians like D.M. Armstrong choose to also view universals not just as concrete, but in many lights that some other philosophers might not agree with. As far as universals and particulars are concerned, there are two main points of view that are competing for attention (Crane & Farkas 131). The first point of view is the theory which holds that the things in existence cannot be considered to be what they really are without the sum total of all their characteristic features. The implication of this position is that whatsoever an element is, it is as a result of the features that can be attributed to it. These features also pertain to space and time. This point of view is called the Bundle Theory (Inwagen & Zimmerman 62). The second point of view that is worthy of mention is the Substance-Attributes Theory. The Substance-Attributes Theory does not hold the opinion that the totality of a thing is the summation of all its properties, rather it opines that objects are ultimate, not their properties. Thus, there is the need to contrast between these things and the attributes they possess (Inwagen & Zimmerman 17). The position of D.M. Armstrong is not in tandem with the Bundle Theory. What Armstrong does is that he uses the basic arguments that support bundle theory as the premises on which he build his argument against. Armstrong’s first premise against the Bundle Theory is that a thing should be regarded as nothing without its bundle of properties, which of course includes the spatial and the temporary. He then goes on to posit that â€Å"if a thing occupies the same place at different times, then it has different properties and has to be a different thing.† (56). This implies that it does not change its properties as time changes. With this premise, he concludes

Performance Measurement Systems of Organizations Essay

Performance Measurement Systems of Organizations - Essay Example The different types of performance measures are input measures, process measures, output measures, outcome measures and impact measures. The organizations can develop their own customised systems to meet their specific requirements and circumstances or utilize a number of performance management models and tools to develop their framework. The major performance measurement systems in use today are Balanced scorecard, Activity-based Costing and Management, Investors in People Standard, Quality Management, Charter Mark and Performance Prism. The frameworks are explained in the following sections. A Balanced scorecard defines what management means by "performance" and measures whether management is achieving desired results. Kaplan and Norton (1992) noted that it was designed to improve current performance measurement systems by providing alternatives to managing organizational performance exclusively through financial measures. According to them (1996), "the name reflected the balance between short- and long-term objectives, between financial and non-financial measures, between lagging and leading indicators, and between external and internal performance perspectives." According to CIMA (2005) official definition, the Balanced scorecard is "an approach to the provision of information to the management to assist strategic policy formulation and achievement". A Balanced scorecard is used to clarify or update a business's strategy, link strategic objectives to long-term targets and annual budgets, track the key elements of the business strategy, incorporate strategic objectives into resource allocation processes, facilitate organizational change, compare performance of geographically diverse business units and increase companywide understanding of the corporate vision and strategy. Evolution of the concept The concept was originated by Robert Kaplan and David Norton (1992) as a performance measurement framework that added strategic non-financial performance measures to traditional financial metrics to give managers and executives a more 'balanced' view of organizational performance.The developments in the concept are as follows: a. 1st generation- The Balanced scorecard designs feature a small number of performance measures typically spread across four perspectives, namely; financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth, as proposed by Kaplan & Norton (1996). b. 2nd generation- New Balanced scorecard designs illustrate how the various objectives are related using a diagram called the 'strategic linkage model' or 'strategy map' (Kaplan & Norton, 2004). Using objectives and linkages helps to provide a stronger basis for choosing measures and for justifying these choices to others. c. 3rd generation- The third generation of Balanced scorecard designs were developed in 2000. These are easier to develop, implement and use than any earlier version. Balanced scorecard has become the focus of a wider strategic management process - a framework for strategic management and control rather than just a performance measurement device. Perspectives The Balanced scorecard sets out a framework of four key perspectives (Kaplan and Norton, 1996), as shown in the following figure. Figure 1 - Perspectives of Balanced

Vampire Diaries The Awakening Book Report English Literature Essay

Vampire Diaries The Awakening Book Report English Literature Essay Lisa Jane Smith is an American author. She lives in California. Her books are young-adult literature, horror, science fiction/fantasy and romance. She has written three trilogies, two series and two companion novels. Her books are popular and the characters are unusually beautiful people, human and supernatural and most of them are young, or at least almost youthful. Plot: In the start, its a story about Elena, she is a popular high school student. She has returning home from France at the start of a new school year.  She begins in senior year at Robert E. Lee High School; she meets her best friends Bonnie, Meredith and Matt. A new boy in school, Stefan Salvatore catches the attention of all the girls. All the girls want his attention, but he didnt care, including Elena. This chocks Elena, because she never had been ignored by a boy before. Through the memories of Stefan, I got to know that Stefan is a vampire from Renaissance Florence, Italy. He had also lived since the late fifteenth century. Elena reminds Stefan of a girl named Katherine, because both look exactly likes each other. Katherine is a vampire, who Stefan has fallen in love with. Stefan hoped to marry Katherine, but the romance become complicated when Stefans Brother Damon Salvatore, appeared, because Katherine was romantically interested in Damon too. Damon and Stefan hated each other, because they both loved Katherine. One night Elena was at a school dance and upset because Caroline showed up with Stefan. But later she went off with Dick, Tyler, and Vicki to the church, but Tyler brings her out into the graveyard. He puts her down and tries gets on top of her, Elena screamed and try to get him off. Stefan appears and beats Tyler, and brings Elena back to her house. Later, they start to be friend and they fall in love, as the started to fall in love, three people have been killed. One day she wanted to visit Stefan and she goes to Stefans house, she didnt found him in his room, but she found him in the roof with blood on mouth, telling her to not be afraid. She falls off the roof and he catches her. He brings her up to his room and tells her everything. Setting: Mysticfalls, Virginia: The whole story happens in Mysticfalls, some of the place there in our time I think. Because they dont talk like people did in old time and the places seems to be modern. Like the high school they go on, they have allowed having cars on the schools parking place. I dont think they could in old time. Renaissance Florence, The late fifteenth century in Italy: The author hasnt described how it looks but its has a lot of effect on the content. Here is almost the story start, because Stefan and Damon fight over the Katherine. Both hoped to merry her and they hate each other bitterly. Graveyard: The situation happens on night; because the author says the moonlight cast shadows over the graveyard, and the place is dark. Many worn and leaning granite, many old stones from centuries past. I think because its night and dark Tyler dared to try on Elena and then Stefan come. After it Stefan and Elena become friends. Character analysis: Elena: Elena has pale golden hair. Also blond and she are slender and she has a sky blue eye. She is popular, a trendsetter. The high school senior and the girl that can have any boy she wants, and every girl wants to be. She is confident and brave, because when Stefan told her that he was vampire, she was not so scared. Stefan: He is mysterious. He had a lean, flat-muscled body. His hair is wavy and dark. He is just average height. He is good vampire because he only drinks animals blood, because of that he is weaker than Damon, because Damon drinks human blood. He seems to be or he is the only one who can resist Elena from suck the blood from Elena. Damon: He is sexy and dangerous. He has dark eyes, and dark beauty and grace and the sensuality that drew women to him but he is evil. He wants revenge against Stefan, who has betrayed him and he want Elena, because she looks like Katherine and because he know that this would hurt Stefan and make him angry. He drinks human blood that makes him strong. Theme: I think the author try to tell us that vampire doesnt always is evil, and that they do not always drink humans blood. Elena doesnt seem to be afraid when Stefan told her that he is vampire, but he wont hurt her, maybe that some girls trust the boy when they really love him. Love can make to people to hate each other bitterly. Even in family and brothers who loved each other before, and love triangle can turn to be really difficult when two boys love the same girl. Yes, I think she has achieved her intended purpose. She describe so much that you get her point, what she try to say. Your opinion: I really like this book. Its really exciting, theres always happened something exciting but there are many difficult words and not much action. I think part two its going to be better because the first part, also this book its just about the history of them and about the past. Not so much action. Recommendation: I would recommend this book or this book series to girls but some boys might like this. Because this books its about love triangle and its really girly. I think teenagers would like this book series, 14-18 years old girls or maybe boys.

Impact of Child Abuse and Neglect on Victims Essay -- Effects of Chil

Parents who take out anger on their kids not only place them in a dangerous position physically, but they harm them emotionally and mentally as well. Child abuse can be described as many different things. One of the more common forms of abuse is neglect. As stated by James W. Vander, in the book Human Development, "neglect is defined as the absence of adequate social, emotional, or physical care." (Vander, 1997). This could include undernourishment, a mother not paying attention to a sick or hurt child, or even a guardian not sharing happiness with his or her child. Physical abuse is defined by Vander as "nonaccidental physical attack on or injury to children by the individuals caring for them." (Vander, 1997). This type of abuse is where the hitting, yelling, spanking, and even sexual abuse come into play. Children are not only hurt in the present time of growing up, but in the future as well. This problem of abuse harms many individuals each day, and the repercussions are f elt by all of society. Incidence and Severity Many people should be worried about this phenomenon because it is very severe. More than three million cases of child abuse are reported each year. That number only reveals the amount of cases REPORTED, let alone all of those that go unreported. The children who are involved live very unhappy lives, but the effects of the abuse will be discussed a little further on. Today's society has a need to worry about these incidences because child abuse affects it as well. According to Cathy Widom, a personality analyzer, there is a strong chance that a child who was abused as a child will grow up to commit criminal acts. She found that "26 percent of the abused youngsters went on to commit juvenile cr... ...closure by "direct inquiry, by obtaining a complete [abuse] history, ..., or by asking about best and worst experiences of childhood." (Ratican, 1994). By doing this, the victim will hopefully be able to express his or her feelings productively. "For many survivors, part of the trauma was the need to keep the secret... The survivor often needs to share the secret with his or her support system, in a group of fellow survivors, or both to experience relief of this burden." (Ratican, 1994). Many researchers feel that classic therapy is not enough to helpan abuse victim. There needs to be much more involved than paint blobs and talking. Some feel that hypnosis and journal writing are some effective methods. All that is important is that the abuse victims get their repressed feelings out and they are able to accept what happened and move on with their adult life.