Beginning to Navigate Professor Ramos Blog

SLA: Language Acquisition Vs Learning

SLA: Language Acquisition Vs Learning Bilingualism 10/1/17 Introduction to Bilingualism During this talk, I took in the definition and the significance of bilingualism. Consistently, the meaning of bilingualism has changed gradually from has local like control of at least two dialects (Bloomfield, 1933) to works in two dialects regularly (David, 1999, pg 157). Just as this, I additionally came to understand that there are various interconnected issues that influence bilingualism, for example, race, force, society, and culture. This intrigued me since I didn't understand how much on the planet influences bilingualism and how these issues are interconnected. For instance, if a family are bigot and have solid political perspectives against foreigners, they are less inclined to help bilingualism and their youngster/kids are more averse to be available to learning another dialect because of their folks sees. Finding out about bilingualism and understanding its significance will help me in my job as an instructor as it will assist me with making bilingual youngsters feel prog ressively good and welcome in my classroom[A1]. In this talk, we were placed into gatherings and given a situation about a bilingual kid coming into the school. In the gathering that I was a piece of, our situation was a youthful Spanish young lady coming into essential 2. In our gathering, we talked about the significance of causing this kid to feel welcome and guaranteeing that she comprehended what was going. In the first place, we believed that inquiring as to whether she feels sufficiently great to impart her experience to class would be a decent method to give her that as her educator, I am keen on where she has originated from while at the equivalent setting up the degree of English the kid comprehends and can use. We additionally imagined that having, for instance, the hues up on a divider show in both English and Spanish would assist the kid with differentiating between the two dialects and become accustomed to the English while as yet having the solace of her first language. Utilizing the Learning in 2+ Languages (2005) report during this talk caused me to acknowledge how significant bilingualism is and how advantageous it very well may be for both little youngsters and grown-ups. I discovered that bilingualism doesn't postpone a childs subjective advancement like some accept however brings various psychological favorable circumstances, for example, a more prominent imaginative potential and a more prominent attention to how dialects work. 17/1/17 Second Language Acquisition: Language Acquisition Vs Learning All through this meeting, I was acquainted with various theories, and their reactions, encompassing how an individual gains/learns an alternate language. As indicated by Krashens Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis (1982) there are two particular procedures to learning a language: Acquisition or securing a language and Learning a language. Procuring a language alludes to the aloof procedure of acquiring the nuances of a language through regular adapting anyway learning a language alludes to the dynamic procedure where students become mindful of the standards of the language they are attempting to learn. In any case, McLaughlin (1978) states that this hypothesis is difficult to demonstrate. This intrigued me as I had never understood that there was a conviction that getting and learning a language were two distinct procedures. Reflecting back to my own encounters of learning a language[A2], I was constantly shown the principles and sentence structure of language instead of procuring it th rough normal procedures thusly, as I would like to think, I accept that they are certainly two separate procedures yet I additionally accept that these are intently between associated. For me, the most intriguing speculation that we were acquainted with in this talk was The Affective Filter Hypothesis. This is the possibility that passionate factors can have an impact and keep somebody from learning a language. These incorporate inspiration, fearlessness, and tension. The lower the emotional channel, the more language the understudy will gain. This shows a kid with low fearlessness may not get a language as effectively as a youngster with high self-assurance. As indicated by the ONS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey (2004), 2.2% or around 96,000 kids have a tension issue. This shows in all probability, educators will be confronted with the test of attempting to show a language to a youngster who can't gain it as effectively as different kids in the class. Be that as it may, Krashen claims[A3] that kids don't have a similar emotional channel as grown-ups yet in addition experience contrasts identified with the full of feeling channels. A full of feeling chan nel just records for singular variety in language securing, it can't be applied to all youngsters. Just as this, we additionally took a gander at the Count Us In A Sense of Belonging (2009) which featured the significance of improving the learning of certain students. Just as this, the report made me mindful of the move in patters of relocation, particularly since 2004. Because of simpler access and less expensive travel, the quantity of workers coming to Scotland has expanded drastically. Huge numbers of those moving to Scotland carry with them small kids who must be placed into the tutoring framework. This Count Us In archive accentuates the significance of educators in supporting recently showed up kids and guaranteeing that they can get to the educational program. As a student essential educator, this is critical to me as youngsters must have the option to get to the educational plan so as to learn and succeed. 24/1/17 Language and Society Viewing Jane Elliots tests in bias both stunned me and interested me. The technique that she uses to train the youngsters about segregation is both compelling and captivating however it is additionally off-base. Be that as it may, this trial occurred during the 1960s hence despite the fact that it isn't right in the current instructive setting, it might not have been as off-base at that point. By telling the youngsters one day that the blue looked at individuals were superior to the earthy colored peered toward individuals, it changed their perspectives towards one another radically and even brought about certain kids being forceful to each other. When the educator makes reference to that the individuals with blue eyes are preferable and progressively better over the kids with earthy colored eyes, the earthy colored peered toward kids look resentful and stunned though the blue looked at youngsters think it is interesting and they are energized. Jane Elliot powers the earthy colored looked at kids to wear collars and doesnt permit them to play on any of the play area hardware. She gives the blue peered toward kids exceptional benefits and they exploit these. In the converse circumstance, the blue peered toward kids become disturbed and come to acknowledge how the earthy colored looked at kids felt the day preceding. Just as this, we see that when the youngsters are given be nefits and are treated as predominant, they accomplish their work faster and their learning is improved. Toward the finish of this day, the kids all return together and talk about how being oppressed caused them to feel. One kid depicted it as feeling like a pooch on a rope. A significant number of the youngsters came to understand that being victimized for something that you can't control is one of the most noticeably awful emotions and that nobody ought to be oppressed. This investigation caused me to understand that in my job as an essential instructor, it is fundamental to show my understudies the significance of regarding everybody and treating everybody the equivalent. Tomlinson (2005, pg 154) states that Failure to build up an educational program for a multiethnic culture has added to an expansion in xenophobia and prejudice. This caused me to accept that balance is something that youngsters need to get mindful of at a youthful age and it is an aspect of my responsibilities to make them mindful of it. On the off chance that, for instance, an offspring of another race came into my study hall, my activity is guarantee that all the kids in my homeroom were aware and didn't treat them any extraordinary due to the shade of their skin. While this test caused me to understand the entirety of this, it likewise caused me to understand that when in a homeroom, treating kids diversely can massively affect their mentalities to each other thusly educators s hould be careful[A4]. 31/01/17 The Scottish Context The quantity of families moving to Scotland has expanded consistently and, especially in 2004, the quantity of outsiders that came to Scotland expanded impressively (Count Us In, pg 2). During this talk, we inspected the insights of both migration and the quantity of outsider kids moving into new schools. For me as a creating essential instructor, it was fascinating to perceive how the quantity of workers coming to Scotland influenced the tutoring measurements. The reasons that individuals move to another nation can fluctuate radically. Many move for family reasons or new professions while others move since they need a position of security. Movement hugy affects both Scottish society and schools. As a general public, we must be additionally inviting all in all just as just in the networks where the workers move to. Demonstrating appreciation to all families and getting mindful of what a portion of these families will confront each day is basic. At the point when a family move to Scotland and put their child(ren) into a school, it influences the school sector[A5]. As essential educators, we should consider bilingualism and become mindful of decent variety. Inside the homeroom, we need to guarantee that the youngster is agreeable and comprehends what is happening consistently as it is our duty to ensure that they don't fall behind on the work and are learning. In my job as an essential educator, it is significant for me to open youngsters to a second language at a youthful age as this is the best lucky opening and is bound to lead the kid to get bilingual than introduction to a second language in high school or grown-up years. Numerous guardians accept that they ought not present a second language until they have completely settled one language anyway it is progressively hard to present a second language l

Most Effective Experts Tips on How to Write A Term Paper

Most Effective Experts Tips on How to Write A Term Paper Writing a term paper is much more than a few research hours. Planning, time, above-average skill of writing, these are just a few of the things that we need to write a significant paper. Writing a term paper is not an easy task. It needs a lot of hard work, extensive thinking, and reading.In this blog, we are going to share with you the expert tips on how to write a term paper. Lets start Guidelines about how to write a term paper Summary Guidelines about how to write a term paperTitleAbstractIntroductionMain bodyDiscussion and conclusionReferencesAbbreviationsWhat is a Term Paper?Term Paper TopicsThe crucial points while choosing a topicComplexityLengthResourcesHow to Start a Term PaperHow to start an introduction partConclusion Title Give a concise and informative title. Abstract Give the purposes, the significance, and findings of your paper. Introduction Give background information and connect the problem you found with the existing information. Main body Give your ideas in a concise and systematic way. When relevant, give tables, figures, and diagrams with legends. Discussion and conclusion Present a summary of your ideas, compare and contrast yours with that of different researches. Recommend future directions and give thoughtful discussion regarding the implications of your recommendations. References Ensure you give accurate citations and list references alphabetically. Abbreviations Abbreviations should be provided the first time they are applied. Both in the abstract and again in the main text. What is a Term Paper? A term paper is a research paper needed at the end of the semester of a school. It tracks and assesses knowledge of the students regarding the course. The term paper needs technical writing expertise and a lot of research. This academic writing assignment should be organized, well-written, analytical, and well-researched. As this shows your knowledge of a specific course. Term Paper Topics Professor normally gives topics related to your course. But, sometimes, you have the option to select your topic of the paper. Make sure that the topic you select will satisfy the purposes of your course and will interest you. If a specific topic interests you, researching and writing regarding it will be more fun and easier. The crucial points while choosing a topic Complexity Make sure that you will be capable of explaining your topic no matter how difficult it can be. If you have any doubt, do not be afraid to ask the experts. Length Consider the length of the needed paper. How many words are needed? Will it be ten pages long or five pages short? Considering the length will support you select a specific topic because you will be capable of choosing how broad your subject will be. Resources Check out the library of your community or school for existing resources. Go through existing online research resources and ensure you will have hands-on books and different materials required for reference. How to Start a Term Paper Make sure to follow the guidelines provided to you.Clarifications must be made with your instructor before performing any writing work or research.Do not wait until the last minute before you start writing a research paper.An effective way to start is by making a compelling and creative title.The title page of your paper is the first impression of your work, so ensure that it will capture the attention of your reader. How to start an introduction part The introductory part is complex but avoid turning it into an obstacle.This is the paragraph frequently likely to be rewritten as you continue performing by the paper. And experience changes of flow, direction, and result.Introduce your topic. Be clear and straightforward.It must include a thesis statement.Hook the reader using a quote or question. Or maybe connect a curious anecdote that will finally make complete sense to the reader in the context of the thesis.Similarly, use this as a chance to support yourself come to holds with the common company of the term paper by clarifying the breakdown, something the reader will similarly require to be conscious of from the begin. Conclusion Now it might be clear in your mind about how to write a term paper. There are various possible topics from which to select when deciding on a topic for your term paper. If you are facing any problem in writing your term paper, so you can take help from our company. Our experts provide the proper solution to your problem. Our company provides a plagiarism-free solution. You can share your problem with our company related to assignments and papers and take the best solution as compared to the other companies. Get the best term paper assignment help from our experts.

The Podcast For Today Is Sponsored By The Chief Rabbinate...

SCRIPT Sponsor: Ann Anchor 1: Srinidhi Anchor 2: Meenakshi Scholar: Ann Advertisements: Srinidhi PSA reciter: Ann --Dreidel, dreidel 20 sec-- Sponsor: The podcast for today is sponsored by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel. A1: Hello. This is Srinidhi! A2: This is Meenakshi! And today we are going to talk about Judaism. Hey Srinidhi, do you know what today is? A1: Yes! Today’s segment is a special in celebration of Rosh Hashanah. If you didn’t know already, Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year. Many people celebrate it by spending the whole day in the synagogue in prayer. A2: You got that right! Well, we have a scholar from the Association for Jewish Studies to tell us about Judaism and the speciality of this day! Scholar: Good morning!†¦show more content†¦Jews believe in one god, Yahweh, who has an intimate relationship with all Jews (Judaism. Encyclopedia Americana). Jewish beliefs are described by the Jewish Bible, referred to as the Old Testament by Christians; one of the key principles is that god’s presence exists constantly in every living thing everywhere (Judaism. Encyclopedia Americana). A2: Christianity and Judaism have similar core foundations? When I think of Christians and Jews I would think that that their beliefs would vary greatly. We’ll explore this topic more after a short commercial break! Stay tuned! AD: Introducing a whole new kind of snack. With 100% real fruit and 1000% of your daily sugar, Safeway’s honeyed apples are a delicious treat to enjoy during this holiday season! Though your dentists may beg you to stop, these irresistible snacks are apples after all, and will keep your doctor far, far away. Make the right choice, and choooose Safeway! Offer is limited time for Rosh Hashanah; check our website for participating stores near you. *Disclaimer: Safeway and affiliated companies will not take responsibility for any damage to teeth. Contact your doctor to see if this product is appropriate for you. * AD: Back to the bucket list. Let s see... Climbing Mount Sinai... check. Reading the Torah ten times ... cover to cover. Visiting Palestine – Nah, too risky! How about visiting Jerusalem? Discover a land of wonders and wealth rich with history. Immerse yourself in Jewish

Compare the Road Not Taken I Used to Live Here Once Essays

Compare/Contrast Two Literary Works Sara M. Suarez ENG 125 Professor Andrea Moak September 3, 2012 The two literary works that I chose to compare and contrast for this paper are I Used to Live Here by Jean Rhys and The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost. Symbolism of the journey is in both of these written works and I feel that it makes them both stronger and more appealing to the reader. When pieces of literature are able to touch a reader and make them feel alive I think that the author is doing a fantastic job getting his message across. In The Road Not Taken, I feel like Robert Frost is trying to play with each individual reader a little. By naming this poem The Road Not Taken I think it is a metaphor for our everyday†¦show more content†¦I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference. I know that I can relate to this poem on a day to day basis, either in a good way or in a bad way. A sigh for me can be good or bad, either I did or did not do my homework or assignment that is due. That sigh can represent guilt or relief, depending on whether I turned in my work or not. I Used to Live Here by Jean Rhys is about a young girl who is standing on the bank of the river and remembering her life. In this short story she is describing her journey back to her house and remembering everything in the exact detail that it happened, especially the stepping stone that caused her death. She refers to the last stepping stone as ‘unsafe’. After reading this I came to the conclusion that she has been dead for quite some time now. Her spirit had finally just risen and decided it was time to go back home. When she was taking her usual route back home she was saying the scenery was different to her, everything was wider and glassier. Over time a town can change due to impr ovements needed, and at some point everything is bound to change. As she arrives to her home she notices children, she tries calling out to them but they cannot hear her. As she gets closer, one of the kids mention that suddenly it is cold and they go into their home. That is the exact moment she finally notices that she is dead. This short story is a great example of realizing what is there, even though it isn’t clearShow MoreRelatedRobert Frost 3 Poem Comparison Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†, â€Å"Birches†, and â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Robert Frost was an American poet that first became known after publishing a book in England. He soon came to be one of the best-known and loved American poets ever. He often wrote of the outdoors and the three poems that I will compare are of that â€Å"outdoors† type. There are several likenesses and differences in these poems. They each have their own meaning; each represent a separate thing and each tell a different storyRead More Robert Frost - A Comparisson Of 3 Poems Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesComparing Frost’s amp;quot;Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningamp;quot;, amp;quot;Birchesamp;quot;, and amp;quot;The Road Not takenamp;quot; Robert Frost was an American poet that first became known after publishing a book in England. He soon came to be one of the best-known and loved American poets ever. He often wrote of the outdoors and the three poems that I will compare are of that amp;quot;outdoorsyamp;quot; type. There are several likenesses and differences in these poems. They each haveRead MoreLiterature Compare and Contrast1948 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Compare and Contrast ENG 125: Introduction to Literature Instructor: December 19, 2011 Literature Compare and Contrast Stories and poems are both constructed differently and have their own meaning behind them. The authors have underlying messages that they are attempting to convey to the reader using their own characterization, style, setting and rhythm that is essentially used in for the purposes of the narrative. The wonderful thing about poems and stories is that they are createdRead MoreA Powder Day2378 Words   |  10 Pagestechniques or terms used to write literature. All literature uses some type of tone, a point-of-view, and symbols. This tools for writing help tell the story by giving the reader the emotions, perspective and the hidden messages, making the story come alive to reader and in captivating the reader into the story itself. Others use different terms to help tell their story for poems, rhythm is used often. While in short stories and dramas, foreshadowing and metaphors are used to help tell the storyRead MoreWhat’S So Great About America?. In The Essay â€Å"What’S So1471 Words   |  6 PagesD’Souza, the India born author shares his experience while living in America. D’Souza first starts his essay saying â€Å"Here is a country where everything works†(D’Souza 237-238), everything from the highway sign to properly working public toilets. He also emphasized how overwhelmed an immigrant can find themselves while visiting a supermarket for the first time. D’Souza then compares America to most countries today that does not have the most basic of health care products like deodorant which â€Å"is unavailableRead MoreTexting While Driving1688 Words   |  7 Pagesbanned when behind the wheel of a car! How can one focus on driving if their attention is diverted to the phone to try and read a text message, or to try to send a text message? When the eyes are focused down on the phone, they have to be taken off the road. This leaves plenty of time for the driver to swerve off course just enough to hit a pedestrian, or fail to take notice to a red light or approaching car. This distracted driver could hit an innocent bystander walking down the side walk, runRead More Analysis of Shawshank Redemption Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pagessome convicts, once they conform, lose the ability to survive beyond the barbed wire and iron bars. As a character puts it, ‘These [prison] walls are funny. First you hate them, then you get used to them, then you start to depend on them.’ The director shows us to what extent prisoners can be made to ‘depend on them’. The two episodes that I will analyse are examples of two different ‘paths’ prisoners can take once released from prison. One is to survive and live their lifeRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Home Sweet Home1013 Words   |  5 Pagessafe our trip to Lebanon will be, I decided to pack and go in June 2013. I wanted my kids to know where we came from, to meet my family, and to know their culture. Unfortunately, there comes a time when you realize that you have to carry your country in your heart and look for another safe â€Å"home sweet home.† We finally arrived after a long, 13-hour flight. After 6 years of being in the United States, we were finally home. I couldn’t find words to describe how I felt when we reached Beirut. TheRead MoreFear Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is fear? Is fear just a protective mechanism our brain creates when we encounter a problem? Would an example of fear be that I am afraid my essay is going to be exactly like everybody elses? â€Å"Fear is the brains way of saying that their is something for you to overcome.(Rachel Huber)† I believe in this quote Ms.Huber is trying to explain that when we encounter a problem we become so worried that we are not going to do well at the task at hand that we begin to fear the obstacle. Though at timesRead MoreSavings and Budgeting1580 Words   |  7 PagesAshdane Beckford School: Glenmuir High, 10 Glenmuir Road, May pen P.O Clarendon. School number: 986-2372 986-2538 986-6355 Students number: (1876)431-5521 I Ashdane Beckford DO NOT have a family member employed at the FSC or Junior Achievement Jamaica. When I was first assigned this project which is in the form of an essay, I thought about two things before drawing any further conclusions:

From PDAs to Smart Phones The Evolution of an Industry in the Beginning Free Essays

Even though PDAs had innovative and sophisticated product designs, companies failed due to several reasons. First, enabling technologies were not up to par and such features as wireless connectivity, greater processing power, longer battery life and replicating streamlined versions of office software compromised the performance and size of the PDA. Another reason was due to the lack of market awareness about the functionality and the future potential of pen-based PDA and the market was still undeveloped in terms of such technology. We will write a custom essay sample on From PDAs to Smart Phones: The Evolution of an Industry in the Beginning or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the lack of publicity, how would the public see any use for a PDA? This was especially true for a generation that was not technologically driven as we are today. With a device more expensive than desktop systems, it seemed that without proper marketing the public would not understand the need for it. Furthermore, potential users were unsure of the PDA’s performance, compatibility and availability showing how companies failed to address user needs and did not focus on the type of consumer that would most likely buy such a device. In addition to these setbacks, Microsoft stalled the market acceptance of PDA technology when it announced it was planning on a making a PDA, but failed to follow through with it. It is obvious that companies producing PDAs could have developed successful marketing tactics to gain momentum and build a consumer base upon such publicity. However, it can be debated whether the PDA could of survived the emergence of the smart phone. Although many companies such as Momenta and GO failed in the PDA business, Palm proved to be the most victorious. The PalmPilot was successful because the product was fast, simple, and was available for less than $300. With the extinction of PDAS came the launch of the smart phone which created competition among such companies as Research In Motion, Motorola, Samsung, and HTC. However, in 2007, these companies were in for a major battle when computer giant Apple entered into the smart phone industry. Being late to the smart phone market proved in no way to be a disadvantage for Apple as the iPhone surpassed present smart phone models. specially with its integration of touch screen technology into smart phones. Apple was able to successfully enter into the industry when it did due to its well known and trusted brand. The company’s triumph can be measured by the success of its computers, computer software including iTunes, and iPods. The iPhone has been successful due to such features as its user interface, touch screen technology, applications, synchronization with iTunes, and its simplicity along. Apple has always been known for its innovation and the iPhone was proof of that. Overall, there seems to be increasing returns in the smart phone market as its consumer base grows; nevertheless, it is not likely that a single operating system as the dominant design as the cell phone industry produces a variety of different models that accommodate user’s preferences. Overall, the smart phone industry has gained the longevity and potential for further technological advances that PDAs failed to obtain demonstrating how the timing of a product’s entry into its industry is vital in the products success. How to cite From PDAs to Smart Phones: The Evolution of an Industry in the Beginning, Essay examples

Why are jails overcrowded an Example by

Why are jails overcrowded? What is being done to alleviate the problem? Jail! the four lettered word always stirs up a pattern of rare, pessimistic and negative , thoughts in ones mind. What is it about this word that automatically leads our minds to react in this manner? A jail is any place in which a person is confined but, the modern definition of jail defines it as any institution that holds the person who has carried out any illegal act as a prisoner in its custody. Through the broad horizon of thought one can perceive jail as a place of imprisonment, be it the imprisonment of any kind. Even the famous fictional Harry Potter saga has not given a four -walled cellular place for the definition of jail, rather it has invented a place where one is kept under the strict surveillance of the creatures called dementors who do not give you any physical punishments but its the mental torture that makes the person realize of his/her helplessness. So be it fiction or reality a jail is definitely a place for both mental and physical imprisonment. The global netw ork of prisons is too large to be painted as a real picture but it is never impossible to capture a clear image, one that reflects the realities and facts of the worldwide state of prisons and jails. Need essay sample on "Why are jails overcrowded? What is being done to alleviate the problem?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed A jail is not only a place where one is punished for their illegal acts but also a place from where one learns to be a better citizen and realize his/her mistake(Welsh , 2008). Developing the character and personalities of the prisoners is also the foremost aim of a jail. But it has been observed worldwide that the condition of the jails and prisons has been deteriorating for the past many years. In addition to this the greatest problem that the worldwide prisons and jails have to face is the overcrowding of prisoners. This issue has been raised many times and has been highlighted through various forms as well. It has been observed that the factors contributing to the overcrowding of jail are innumerable but the most common amongst them that can be mentioned here are: increasing crime rate, flawed judicial systems (in some countries of the world), and declines in correctional spending. Increasing crime rate is not a problem that can be restricted within the boundaries of one state only its a global issue that is creating havoc in the global arena. What can be done to decrease the crime rate? For this, first, one has to highlight the reasons leading to the increase in crime rates. The most widely accepted reasons for the increase in crime rate are poverty, the lack of human rights and freedom. Mostly crime rate is found to be higher in third world countries. This is because the poverty level in these states is comparatively high as compared to the rest of the world. As one finds himself to be poor he is deprived of his basic rights and freedom which creates a sense of lacking in him and thus leads him to adopt whatever means that comes in his way, so that it is possible for him to make both the ends meet for himself and for those around him. To solve this issue countries have to work more effectively for the rectification of poverty and eradicate corruption complete ly so that the needy ones get their deserved rights and funds. Many countries have a flawed judicial system. This means that there is always the margin of corruption in the judicial system which is an insult to judiciary itself because the aim of any judicial system is to provide justice to others. Apart from corruption, some judicial systems are found to be of full of flaws because of following unorthodox laws and regulations which might be termed inappropriate in the global judicial system. So to eliminate this flaw any state has to always think beyond their customs, traditions and always be in favor of laws that fully provide basic human rights to its citizens. Allocating the funds in the rightful manner is always a great challenge for the government of any state. One big reason that contributes to the overcrowding of jail is corruption in this area as well. If the required amount of funds is not provided to the prisons and security departments than it becomes difficult to make development in this field. Therefore corruption hinders the development in prisons as well which thus gives rise to the issue of overcrowding jails. 1.1 How did the role of the Church in corrections influence the style of punishment? Before beginning to answer this question, it is important to first identify what correction refers to. The word correction is used as euphemism for punishment, of various kinds, however primarily confined to physical punishment. The church influenced the style of punishment in a manner that is quite forgotten today. In Medieval Europe, for instance, in the form of corporal punishment, punishment was supported and in fact promoted. This was the consequently due to the attitude of the Medieval Church at that time. However, one can wonder why that is so, as most decisions or corrections or proclamations that the Church makes today, a large number of Christians do not follow them, let alone know about them. It was because the Church during those times was quite influential in Europe and in other regions that Christianity had spread to. The Medieval Church of Medieval Europe supported the corporal punishment of flagellation, which was a common means of self discipline. Flagellation, as has been witnessed being practiced by the actor Paul Bettany when he plays the character of Silas in the movie Da Vinci Code, based on a popular novel by the author Dan Brown, is in simple terms, a synonym for whipping. This practice of mortification of flesh was used for religious purposes who later took this practice to an extreme. A radical group of Christians of the 13th Century labeled themselves as Flagellants and were the pioneers of such fanaticism (Donald, 2006). It is interesting to note that such practices, due to the heavy influence of the church traveled to schools and educational establishments at quite a rapid pace. Nevertheless, it was used with much critique after this extremism and even during it. In the 11th Century, Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury spoke against the excessive use of such a punishment in trying to correct bad habits of children, or their lack of responsibility. The Flagellants were also condemned by the Catholic Church. However, such critiques, even from parts of the Church itself, did not stop the idea of graver punishments from entering into the general society. Judicial punishments increasingly became public spectacles, with public humiliations and beatings becoming the order of the day back then, even during the French Revolution. This is how the Church has impacted the punishments that are being awarded today. This can be one of the reasons why prisons such as Guantanamo Bay which is in it a dark blot on the name of Human Rights, still continues. Such practices still continue in various militaries worldwide. The Church, although at first by force, brought this in, later came to be acknowledged as part of the society. Today, various programs and campaigns against grave punishments, especially against school children, have been launched. One such campaign is the "Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children" and its basic aim is to achieve full prohibition of all corporal punishment of children worldwide. The UN has also set a deadline of this year i.e. 2009, for universal prohibition. What may come depends on the collective actions taken by leaders. Leaders should specially work to prohibit its usage on children, so as to form a more humane, just and socially equitable system where punishments are not merely dictated by the earliest doctrines the Church, but strictly used where necessary i.e. in cases of convicts who have descended to the lowest imaginable levels of humanity and abhorred and condemned where unnecessary, and all such dictated by appropriate judicial systems. Describe both treatment and prevention ideologies. What are their main assumptions about criminality? How does each argue to reduce crime? Prevention ideology plays a very vital role in the treatment of the criminal behavior of a person. According to the prevention ideology a person is placed in such an environment and treatment that the part of his brain that brings out his aggressiveness learns to stay calm while its still in development (Irwin, 1992). This has to be done before the criminal mind of a person takes over. This ideology is focused at prevention at an early stage that even on an individual basis. In general terms it can be understood as the co relationship between opportunities of crime and crime itself. So in order to control the criminal side of a person it is better to reduce the opportunities which can lead a person to commit that crime. As elaborated prevention ideology is therefore one of the foremost ideologies used to reduce crime by changing the environment and opportunities that might lead a person to commit a crime. Treatment Ideology on the other hand focuses on altering the behavior of a criminal through punishment or negative reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs by removing an unpleasant consequence from the persons behavior when the desired behavior occurs. In the scenario of criminality negative reinforcement can be used in a way that a person is for example given a 3 months imprisonment for committing a crime. If the person manages not to commit the same crime again after being bailed or getting out free than the imprisonment was a negative reinforcement for that person which altered his behavior in a manner that he does not commit the same crime again in fear of getting imprisoned again. By using punishment in this ideology we try to eliminate the undesirable behavior from the criminal by punishing him. Punishment might work at times but it mostly creates a sense of bitterness and aggressiveness within the criminal if he is punished again and again. So it is better to make use of negative reinforcement in treatment ideology because it helps in eradicating the crime as well as keeping the criminal on the right path. So in order to reduce criminality we can always make use of the treatment and prevention ideologies as a safe route to completely remove the criminal side from a persons behavior. If adopted widely by the governments than these ideologies of criminality can prove to be a great source in helping in the removal of crime. References Welsh, Irvine. (2008). A Novel: Crime. Irwin, John. (1992). Underclass In American Societys Donald, R. (2006). Jail 4 Beginners.